Kanker leher rahim merupakan kanker yang sering terjadi pada wanita, meliputi 12% dari seluruh kanker di dunia. Insiden yang tertinggi terjadi di Amerika Selatan dan Karibian, Sub Sahara Afrika, Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara. Di Indonesia menurut Kementerian Kesehatan RI, insiden kanker leher rahim di perkirakan 100 per 100.000. Ketahanan hidup 5 tahun penderita kanker leher rahim bila ditemukan pada stadium yang lebih awal, probabilitasnya semakin tinggi. Untuk stadium I (95,1-80,1%), II (66,3-63,5%), III (38,7-33,3%), IV (17,1-9,4%) dan pada masa pra invasif mencapai 100%. Di negara maju insidens dan kematian akibat kanker leher rahim turun 50-60% dalam 20 tahun karena 40-50% wanitanya pernah menjalani screening. Di negara berkembang sebaliknya terus naik karena hanya 5% wanitanya yang pernah menjalani screening.
Metode Inspeksi Visual dengan Asam Asetat (IVA) telah diakui WHO efektif digunakan di negara berkembang dengan alasan sederhana, murah, nyaman, praktis dan mudah. Mempunyai sensitifitas 66-96% dan spesifisitas (64-98%). Kabupaten Karawang terpilih sebagai lokasi penelitian karena merupakan salah satu daerah pilot proyek deteksi dini kanker leher rahim. Dari bulan Juli 2007 - Maret 2010 ditemukan 2,3% kasus IVA positif. Kasus kanker leher rahim di Kabupaten Karawang tergolong tinggi dimana pada tahun 2005 dilaporkan 217 kasus dan tahun 2006 sampai dengan bulan September ditemukan 180 kasus. Sesuai etiologinya dua faktor risiko utama terjadinya kanker leher rahim adalah usia pertama kali berhubungan seksual dan jumlah pasangan seksual.
Terkait faktor risiko berganti pasangan seksual, kasus kawin cerai di Karawang tinggi. Tahun 2008 tercatat 508 kawin, 259 cerai talak dan 424 cerai gugat. Tahun 2009 tercatat 270 talak dan 562 gugat. Terkait faktor risiko usia hubungan seksual, pernikahan muda di Karawang juga tinggi. Tahun 2007 42,8% pernikahan usia muda di Indonesia terjadi di pantai utara Jabar. Pernikahan di Jabar 35% dilakukan wanita dibawah usia 16 tahun.
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan usia pertama kali berhubungan seksual dan jumlah pasangan seksual dengan kejadian lesi pra kanker leher rahim pada wanita yang melakukan deteksi dini menggunakan metode Inspeksi Visual dengan Asam Asetat (IVA) di Puskesmas Cikampek, Pedes dan Kota Baru Kabupaten Karawang tahun 2009 ? 2010. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi analitik observasional dengan desain kasus kontrol. Faktor yang diteliti didapat melalui wawancara terstruktur dengan kuesioner. Sedangkan data kasus kontrol diambil dari buku register dan catatan medik di Puskesmas Cikampek, Pedes dan Kota Baru dalam 2 tahun terakhir 2009 ? 2010. Total sampel yang diambil adalah 357 yang terdiri dari 119 kasus dan 238 kontrol.
Variabel independen yang diteliti adalah usia pertama kali berhubungan seksual dan jumlah pasangan seksual. Variabel kovariat terdiri dari umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan, pendapatan, riwayat kanker keluarga, jarak haid pertama kali dengan hubungan seksual pertama, kebiasaan merokok, jumlah batang rokok per hari, lama merokok, riwayat partus, riwayat abortus, penggunaan kontrasepsi, lama penggunaan kontrasepsi, riwayat deteksi dini sebelumnya, kebiasaan merokok pasangan, jumlah batang rokok per hari pasangan, lama merokok pasangan, riwayat perkawinan pasangan dan sirkumsisi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan soft ware SPSS versi 17.0 yang meliputi analisis univariat, bivariat, stratifikasi dan multivariat.
Hasil penelitian mendapatkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara usia pertama kali berhubungan seksual dengan kejadian lesi pra kanker leher rahim setelah di kontrol dengan variabel lain dengan p value 0,001 dan OR 2,539 (CI 95% 1,444 - 4,464) sedangkan dampak potensialnya AR% 60,61%. Untuk jumlah pasangan dengan kejadian lesi pra kanker leher rahim setelah di kontrol dengan variabel umur juga memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan p value 0,002 dan OR 3,441 (CI 95% 1,598 ? 7,410) sedangkan dampak potensialnya AR% 70,94%.
Kesimpulan penelitian adalah risiko terkena lesi pra kanker leher rahim pada wanita yang memulai hubungan seksual pada usia < 17 tahun adalah 2,539 kali lebih tinggi dibanding mereka yang memulai hubungan seksual < 17 tahun dan kejadian lesi prakanker pada seorang wanita dapat dicegah 60,61% bila dia tidak melakukan hubungan seksual pertama < 17 tahun. Sedangkan untuk risiko terkena lesi pra kanker leher rahim pada wanita yang memiliki jumlah pasangan seksual > 1 orang adalah 3,441 kali lebih tinggi dibanding mereka yang mempunyai pasangan seksual 1 orang setelah di kontrol variabel umur dan kejadian lesi pra kanker pada seorang wanita dapat dicegah 70,94% bila dia tidak mempunyai jumlah pasangan seksual > 1.
Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women, counting for 12% of all cancers in the world. The highest incidence occurred in South America and Karibian, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia. In Indonesia, according to the Ministry of Health, the incidence of cervical cancer is estimated occurred 100 per 100.000. The probability of 5-year survival of patients with cervical cancer when found at an earlier stage is higher. For stage I (95.1 to 80.1%), II (66.3 to 63.5%), III (38.7 to 33.3%), IV (17.1 to 9.4%) and in the pre-invasive reaches 100%. In developed countries the incidence and death from cervical cancer are decreased by 50-60% in the last 20 years since 40-50% women of those counties had undergone screening. In developing countries on the contrary, it continues to rise because only 5% women who had undergone screening. Method of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) has been recognized by WHO effectively used in developing countries by reason of simple, inexpensive, convenient, practical and easy. The specifity of VIA method is 64-98% and sensitivity is 66-96%. Karawang District was selected as research sites because it is one of the pilot projects for early detection of cervical cancer. From July 2007 - March 2010 found 2.3% positive VIA cases. The cases of cervical cancer in the Karawang regency is high, where in 2005 was reported 217 cases and as of September 2006 was found 180 cases.According to the etiology of two major risk factors for cervical cancer is the age at first intercourse and multisexual partners. In relation to risk factors of sexual partner change, a divorce & marriage case in Karawang is high. In 2008 it was recorded 508 marriage, 259 divorces and 424 divorce claim. In 2009 there were 270 divorces and 562 divorce claim. Concerning to age-related risk factors for sexual intercourse, young marriages in Karawang are also high. In 2007 42.8% marriage of young age in Indonesia was occurred in the northern coast of West Java. Marriage in West Java which is done by women under the age of 16 years was counted as 35%.This study is aimed to verify the relationship of age at first intercourse and multisexual partners with cervical pre-cancerous lesions in women doing early detection using Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) in Cikampek, Pedes and Kota Baru Public Health Center of Karawang District in 2009 - 2010. The research method used was an observational analytic study with case control design. Factors studied were obtained through structured interviews with questionnaires. While the case-control data were taken from the book registers and medical records at Cikampek, Pedes and Kota Baru Public Health Center in the last two years from 2009 to 2010. Total samples taken was 357 consisting of 119 cases and 238 controls.Independent variables studied were age at first intercourse and multisexual partners. Kovariat variables consisted of age, education, occupation, income, family history of cancer, distance of first menstruation to first intercourse, smoking habits, number of cigarettes per day, duration of smoking, history of parturition, and abortion history, contraceptive use, duration of use of contraception, previous history of early detection, smoking spouse, the number of cigarettes per day couples, duration of couples smoking, history of marriage partners and circumcision. Data analysis was performed with SPSS version 17.0 software which includes univariate, bivariate, and stratification and multivariate analysis.The results of study find significant relationship between age at first sexual intercourse with cervical pre-cancerous lesions after being controlled with other variables with p value of 0.001 and OR 2.539 (95% CI 1.444 - 4.464), while the potential impact of AR% 60.61%. For the number of sexual pairs with cervical precancerous lesions after being controlled with variables of age also have a meaningful relationship with p value of 0.002 and OR 3.441 (95% CI 1.598 - 7.410) while the potential impact of AR%, 70.94%.The conclusion is the risk of cervical pre-cancerous lesions in women who began sexual intercourse at age <17 years is 2.539 times higher than those who start a sexual intercourse at age < 17 years and the incidence of precancerous lesions in a woman could be prevented 60.61% if she does not have first sexual intercourse before 17 years. While for the risk of cervical pre-cancerous lesions in women who have a number of sexual partners more than 1 person is 3.441 times higher than those who have only one sexual partners after being controlled by variables of age and the incidence of precancerous lesions in a woman can be prevented 70.94 % if she does not have the number of sexual partners more than 1.
