Many critics argue that the modernist avant-garde were always in opposition to the commercial values of market-driven society. For John Xiros Cooper, the avant-garde bears a more complex relationto capitalist culture than previously acknowledged. He argues thatin their personal relationships, gender roles, and sexual contacts, themodernist avant-garde epitomized the impact of capitalism on everyday life. Cooper shows how the new social, cultural, and economic practices aimed to defend cultural values in a commercial age, but,in this task, modernism became the subject of a profound historical irony. Its own characterizing techniques, styles, and experiments,deployed to resist the new nihilism of the capitalist market, eventually became the preferred cultural style of the very market culturewhich the first modernists opposed. In this broad-ranging study John Xiros Cooper explores this provocative theme across a wide range ofModernist authors, including Joyce, Eliot, Stein, and Barnes.