At no other time in human history have the influence and impact of image processing on modern society, science, and technology been so explosive. Image processing has become a critical component in contemporary science and technology and has many important applications. This book develops the mathematical foundation of modern image processing and low-level computer vision, and presents a general framework from the analysis of image structures and patterns to their processing. The core mathematical and computational ingredients of several important image processing tasks are investigated. The book bridges contemporary mathematics with state-of-the-art methodologies in modern image processing while organizing the vast contemporary literature into a coherent and logical structure.