This book consists of two sections. The first section focused on the rise of Hamas as the most important and popular group in Palestine especially after the general elections of 2006. Using social movement theories as the framework for analysis, this section seeks to investigate the causes and consequences of the rise of Hamas. It is examined the causes of the continuing rise of Hamas by looking especially at the views and strategies of the Muslim Brotherhood as a mother organization of Hamas in Palestine that has been involved in the Arab - Israeli conflict since 1936. The second section examines Indonesian foreign policy on the Arab - Israeli conflict. This conflict has been concerned by the Government of Indonesia since Indonesian independence because of two reasons: firstly, a domestic sentiment especially coming from Indonesian Muslim; and secondly, the involvement of the major powers in the world in this conflict. The government response to the conflict is based on the views that Israel has occupied Palestinian territory illegally. Indonesia also has supported Palestinian independence state. However, how the regimes have realized this policy in the history of Indonesian foreign policy on this conflict is not similar. The differences are shaped by domestic politics and international considerations.