Progressive unions flourished in the 1930s by working alongside federal agencies created during the New Deal. Yet in 1950, few progressive unions remained. Why? Most scholars point to domestic anticommunism and southern conservatives in Congress as the forces that diminished the New Deal state, eliminated progressive unions, and destroyed the radical potential of American liberalism. Rights Delayed argues that anticommunism and congressional conservatism merely intensified the main reason for the decline of progressive unions: the New Deal states focus on legal procedure. Initially, progressive unions thrived by embracing the procedural culture of New Deal agencies. Between 1935 and 1945, unions mastered the complex rules of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and other federal entities by working with government officials. In 1946 and 1947, however, the emphasis on legal procedure made the federal state too slow to combat potentially illegal cooperation between employers and the Teamsters. Workers who supported progressive unions rallied around procedural language in labor law, but they found themselves dependent on an ineffective federal state. The state became even less able to protect employees belonging to left-led unions after the Taft-Hartley Acts anticommunist provisions-and decisions by union leaders-limited access to the NLRBs procedures. From 1946 until 1950, progressive unions withered and eventually disappeared from the Pacific canneries as the unions failed to pay the cost of legal representation before the NLRB. Workers supporting progressive unions had embraced procedural language to claim their rights, but by 1950 those workers discovered that their rights had vanished in an endless legal discourse.