ABSTRAKPemerintahan Orde Baru yang berlangsung sekitar 32 tahun telah berhasil menciptakan stabilitas politik dan keamanail sehingga memungkinkan bangsa Indonesia dapat membangun bidang ekonomi guna peningkatan kesejahteraan, setidaknya selama era Pembangunan Jangka Panjang (PJP) I. Namun demikian apa yang dilakukan pemerintahan Orde Baru ini disamping adanya pujian juga mengundang sejumlah kritik.Keberhasilan pemerintahan Orde Baru dalam membangun, khususnya dalam menciptakan stabilitas politik dan keamanan, tidak lepas dari peran pembinaan Orsospol - Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, Golongan Karya dan Partai Demokrasi Indonesia - yang selama PJP I tampak efektif. Akan tetapi pada akhir PJP I dan memasuki PJP II, pembinaan terhadap Orsospol menunjukkan kecenderungan (trend) menurun, yang ditandai oleh banyaknya aksi unjuk rasa selaku refleksi rasa ketidakpuasan masyarakat. Masalah itulah yang menjadi pokok kajian tesis ini.Tujuan penelitian ialah : (1) Menelusuri faktor-faktor penyebab pembinaan Orsospol yang sangat efektif pada kurun waktu Pelita I s/d IV, tetapi efektifitas itu menurun mulai akhir Pelita V dan seterusnya; (2) Mencoba melakukan konstruksi suatu model alternatif pembinaan Orsospol yang diharapkan dapat mengakomodir tuntutan perkembangan kemajuan serta dinamika masyarakat dan dengan memperhatikan kecenderungan perubahan lingkungan strategis.Analisis masalah menggunakan pendekatan Konsepsi Ketahanan Nasional, dengan desain penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, dimana korelasi antara variabel efektivitas pembinaan Orsospol dan variabel kemajuan pembangunan dibandingkan dengan menggunakan metode SWOT (strength ? weakness - opportunity - threat). Rentang waktu penelitian dibatasi antara sejak lahirnya Orde Baru (1966) sampai Pemilu 1997.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa :(1) Faktor-faktor yang menjadikan pembinaan terhadap Orsospol yang dilakukan selama PJP I dirasakan efektif adalah : (a) bangsa Indonesia menaruh perhatian besar untuk membasmi komunisme pasca pengkhianatan G30S PKI; (b) berkonsentrasi pada pembangunan ekonomi; (c) adanya dukungan dunia internasional dalam upaya memberantas kemiskinan dan komunisme; (d) dwifungsi ABRI yang memperhatikan kepentingan rakyat dengan pendekatan keamanan; (e) kepemimpinan nasional yang masih berwibawa dan disegani.(2) Faktor-faktor yang menjadikan kurang efektif adalah : (a) tingkat kemajuan pendidikan dan kesadaran politik masyarakat yang semakin tinggi; (b) adanya perubahan struktur sosial dan munculnya masyarakat sipil (madani); (c) beberapa ketentuan perundang-undangan dirasakan tidak cocok lagi dengan perkembangan dinamika masyatakat; (d) pengaruh perkembangan gelombang demokratisasi internasional; (e) ketidakadilan distribusi ekonomi; (f) pelanggaran terhadap norma Pancasila dan UUD 1945.(3) Model pembinaan yang dapat mengakomodir tuntutan masyarakat adalah pembinaan yang tetap mempertahankan Pancasila dan UUD 1945 dengan memperhatikan perkembangan kemajuan masyarakat, memberikan ruang gerak bagi pemberdayaan masyarakat sipil dan tetap menjamin persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa.Terlepas dari berbagai kritikan terhadap kebijakan pembinaan orsospol di zaman Orde Baru, namun keberhasilannya dalam membina stabilisasi politik selama lebih 3 dekade telah mencatat rekor waktu terpanjang dalam sejarah Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian tentang Orde Baru yang ditulis pada era Orde Reformasi ini sekaligus dapat dipandang sebagai upaya untuk menghimpun berbagai fenomena kehidupan sosial politik pada zamannya, yang mungkin takkan terulang kembali di masa datang, agar tidak tercecer dalam catatan sejarah perjalanan bangsa yang tercinta ini.

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ABSTRACT

The Guidance of Social Political Organization in Indonesia during the New Order within the National Resilience Perspective

For the last 32 years the new order government was in power, political stability and security were successfully achieved allowing economic development to grow for the sake of national prosperity, at least during the first long-term development plan (25 years). Although, the new order government received praises for their accomplishments, it also received criticisms.

The new order government's success in ensuring political stability and security was also due to the guidance provided by the existing social-political organizations; the United Development Party (PPP), the Functional Group (Golkar) and the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDT). At the long-term development plan appeared effective. However, by the end of the first long-term development plan era, there were signs of a downward trend. This was indicated by the increasing number of protests and demonstrations reflecting the public's dissatisfaction. Therefore, it is this issue that has become the primary study of this thesis.

The objectives of this study are: (1) To discover the factors that caused the guidance given by these social-political organizations to be less effective by the end of the 5th five year development plan period; (2) To construct an alternative guidance model that is expected to accommodate all the demands of the people and the dynamics of the society without neglecting the trend of the change of strategic environment.

The analysis will use the approach of National Resilience Concepts along with the descriptive quality design. The correlation between the social-political organization's (SPO) guidance effectiveness variable and the development advancement variable are compared with the SWOT (strength-weakness-opportunity-threat) method. The time frame of this study begins at the start of the new order government (1966) up to the general elections of May 1997.

The results of this study are:

(1) The factors attributed to the effectiveness of the SPO's guidance during the first long-term development plan are: (a) The Indonesian people placed all of their attention on the eradication of communism after the failed coup attempt by the Indonesian Communist Party, PKI; (b) Full concentration on economic development; (c) The existence of international support in an effort to eradicate poverty and communism; (d) The implementation of ABRI's dual function doctrine in hopes to serve the public's interest through the assurance of security approach; (e) Good governance and strong national leadership.

(2) The factors contributing to the decline in effectiveness are: (a) The rise in the level of education and the increase of the public's political awareness; (b) The change of social structure and civil society; (c) Regulations and laws that are regarded incompatible with the advancement in social dynamics; (d) Influence of international issue of democratization; (e) Injustices in the distribution of national wealth; (f) Violations against the norms of the Pancasila state ideology and the 1945 Constitution.

(3) An alternate guidance model that will accommodate the public's demand is the adaptation and implementation of the Pancasila state ideology and the 1945 Constitution. While developments in society, noting to allow movements that will enable the empowerment of a civil society and assure national unity at the same time.

Despite criticisms of the policies undertaken by the SPOs during the new order period, its success in maintaining political stability for approximately three decades, is a record in Indonesia's history. Therefore, this study on the New Order during the present Reform Era is a means to understand the phenomenon of the social-political life during that time. Thus, to ensure that mistakes made in the past do not repeat themselves and to not forget the endeavors made in this nation's journey.