This paper aims to review some highlights on the effects of environmental stresses on the non-human primate population, particularly, climate change and food limitation that may have resulted in their poor reproductive performance. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists more than a third of the world’s primates as critically endangered or vulnerable. Non-human primates, which are the closest biological relatives of humans, are threatened with extinction from human activities and environmental stress. Deforestation is the main problem that intercalates with climate change. Either, indirectly or directly, those extinction factors could interrupt the physiological basis of reproduction among non-human primates. Researches on other species showed that high ambient temperature causing heat stress had harmed there productive performance by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Therefore, the survival, conservation and sustainability of nonhuman primates growing in captivity and in the wild, require more works and researches to be done