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"Selama beberapa puluh tahun terakhir, banyak peneliti mempelajari penyebab-penyebab infertilitas pria, yang difokuskan pada peranan spesies oksigen reaktif (SOR). Spesies oksigen reaktif adalah suatu zat pengoksidasi yang sangat reaktif dan tergolong dalam kelompok radikal bebas. Bila kadar SOR meningkat, maka terjadi stres oksidatif yang menghasilkan oksigen dan oksidan derivat oksigen, yang pada gilirannya meningkatkan kerusakan sel. Pada manusia, SOR diproduksi oleh beberapa komponen semen, dan antioksidan pada cairan seminalis akan menjaga keseimbangan kadar SOR tersebut. Fungsi SOR dalam jumlah sedikit akan membantu kemampuan fertilisasi spermatozoa. Banyak penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SOR menyerang integritas DNA pada nukleus sperma dengan cara modifikasi basa, memutuskan untai DNA, dan menyebabkan ?chromatin cross linking?. Kerusakan DNA meningkatkan kadar SOR dan dapat mempercepat proses apoptosis sel germinal yang berakibat menurunnya jumlah sperma yang berkaitan dengan kasus infertilitas pria. Makalah ini menelaah asal molekular/selular SOR pada semen, bagaimana SOR merusak DNA nukleus sperma, dan bagaimana kerusakan DNA berperanan dalam infertilitas pria. Peningkatan produksi SOR oleh spermatozoa berkaitan dengan penurunan potensial membran mitokondria (PMM), yang merupakan indikator penting untuk integritas fungsional spermatozoa. Apoptosis sel germinal penting untuk fungsi spermatogenesis normal dan gangguan regulasinya akan mengakibatkan infertilitas pria. Pemahaman penyebab dan mekanisme apoptosis sel germinal merupakan hal penting dalam mencegah masalah reproduksi pria. Tingkat apoptosis pada spermatozoa matang yang berkorelasi secara signifikan dengan kadar SOR cairan seminalis yang ditentukan oleh pemeriksaan kemiluminesens menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara SOR dan masalah fertilitas. (Med J Indones 2007; 16:127-33).

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Over the past few decades many researchers studying the causes of male infertility have recently focused on the role played by reactive oxygen species (ROS) ? highly reactive oxidizing agents belonging to the class of free radicals. If ROS levels rise, oxidative stress (OS) occurs, which results in oxygen and oxygen derived oxidants, and in turn increases the rates of cellular damage. In human, ROS are produced by a variety of semen components, and antioxidants in the seminal fluid keep their level balance. Small amounts of ROS help spermatozoa acquire their necessary fertilizing capabilities. Many researches showed that ROS attack DNA integrity in the sperm nucleus by causing base modification, DNA strand breaks, and chromatin cross linking. The DNA damage induced excessive levels of ROS and might accelerate the process of germ cell apoptosis leading to a decline in sperm counts associated with male infertility. This paper will review the molecular (cellular) origins of ROS in human semen, how ROS damage sperm nuclear DNA, and how such DNA damage contributes to male infertility. Increased ROS production by spermatozoa is associated with a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which is an important indicator of functional integrity of the spermatozoa. Germ cell apoptosis is essential for normal spermatogenesis and its dysregulation may lead to male infertility. Thus, understanding the causes and mechanisms of germ cell apoptosis is of major importance in preventing male reproductive problems. Levels of apoptosis in mature spermatozoa that were significantly correlated with levels of seminal ROS determined by chemiluminescence assay indicate the linkage between ROS and male fertility problems. (Med J Indones 2007; 16:127-33)."

"Latar belakang: Infertilitas dapat berasal dari pihak perempuan maupun laki-laki, termasuk di antaranya akibat jumlah spermatozoa yang kurang (oligozoospermia) ataupun gabungan dari gangguan pada jumlah, motilitas, dan morfologi spermatozoa (oligoastenoteratozoospermia/ OAT). Infertilitas sendiri biasanya dapat dideteksi menggunakan analisis semen konvensional, namun ternyata didapatkan bahwa 15% laki-laki yang infertil memiliki hasil analisis semen yang normal, sehingga perlu pula dilakukan analisis fragmentasi DNA dan maturasi kromatin spermatozoa untuk mengetahui kualitas spermatozoa lebih lanjut. Metode: Penelitian bersifat cross sectional, dilakukan terhadap 34 sampel (15 sampel oligozoospermia, 10 sampel OAT, dan 9 sampel fertil normozoospermia) yang diperoleh dari pasien dan petugas Klinik Infertilitas Yasmin Rumah Sakit Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) Jakarta. Sampel kemudian dianalisis menggunakan SpermFunc® DNA-f kit untuk mengetahui indeks fragmentasi DNA (IFD)-nya serta SpermFunc® Histone kit untuk tingkat maturasi kromatinnya.Hasil: Untuk IFD spermatozoa, hasil uji ANOVA didapatkan bermakna (p: 0,003), dengan uji Post Hoc menunjukkan kelompok yang berbeda secara bermakna yaitu IFD OAT dan fertil (p: 0,003) serta IFD oligozoospermia dan OAT (p: 0,021). Sementara itu, uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan perbandingan antara tingkat maturasi spermatozoa pada kelompok infertil dan fertil yang tidak bermakna (p: 0,289). Korelasi antara IFD maupun tingkat maturasi kromatin spermatozoa pada ketiga kelompok sangat lemah juga tidak bermakna, sehingga dapat diabaikan (r: -0,014; p: 0,936). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara IFD OAT dibandingkan dengan kelompok fertil normozoospermia, namun sebaliknya pada hubungan IFD oligozoospermia dengan kelompok fertil. Adapun perbandingan tingkat maturasi kromatin spermatozoa kelompok infertil oligozoospermia dan OAT dengan kelompok fertil serta korelasi antara IFD dan tingkat maturasi kromatin spermatozoa pada kelompok yang diujicobakan bersifat tidak signifikan.

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Introduction: Infertility can be attributed to both female and male factors, included in male infertility causes are decreased sperm number (oligoozoospermia) as well as combination of defect in sperm quantity, motility, and morphology (oligoasthenoteratozoospermia/OAT). Male infertility usually can be detected through conventional semen analysis, however it is known that 15% of infertile males have normal semen analysis result, therefore it has become essential to do sperm DNA fragmentation and chromatin maturation analysis to know more about sperm quality. Method: This is a cross sectional study done to 34 samples (15 oligozoospermic samples, 10 OAT samples, and 9 fertile normozoospermic samples) that were collected from patients and staff of Yasmin Infertility Clinic at Rumah Sakit Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) Kencana Jakarta. Those samples were then analyzed using SpermFunc® DNA-f kit to measure its DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and also using SpermFunc® Histone kit to measure its chromatin maturation percentage.Result: For sperm DFI, ANOVA test showed significance (p: 0,003), in which Post Hoc test confirmed that the groups with significancy in difference were the DFI of OAT and fertile group (p: 0,003) as well as oligozoospermic and OAT group (p: 0,021). On the other hand, Kruskal-Wallis test showed no signficance in the difference of sperm chromatin maturation percentage between infertile and fertile group (p: 0,289). The correlation between DFI and sperm chromatin maturation percentage of those groups was very weak and insignificant, thus negligible (Pearson correlation coeficient: -0,014; p value: 0,936). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the DFI difference of OAT and fertile normozoospermic group, but not between the DFI difference of oligozoopsermic and fertile group. On the other hand, sperm chromatin maturation difference between infertile oligozoospermic and OAT group and fertile group as well as the correlation of DFI and sperm chromatin maturation percentage on the groups that are being observed are not significant."

"Tert-butylhydroquinone TBHQ dan Sinar UV-A dilaporkan menjadi faktor penyebab dari terganggunya replikasi dan transkripsi DNA normal karenanya senyawa ini dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan pada biomolekul seperti DNA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis terbentuknya DNA Adduct 8-OHdG akibat kerusakan oksidatif DNA yang disebabkan oleh paparan senyawa TBHQ secara in vitro dilakukan dengan mereaksikan 2'-deoksiguanosin dengan TBHQ,H2O2, sinar UV-A pada pH 7 4, pada suhu 37 °C serta waktu inkubasi 5 dan 7 jam serta studi in vivo dilakukan dengan menggunakan sampel urin tikus putih (Rattus Norvegicus) yang dipaparkan senyawa TBHQ selama 28 hari. Pembentukan 8-OHdG dianalisis menggunakan instrumen HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) dengan kromatografi fase terbalik. Hasil studi in vitro pada dG+H2O2+TBHQ dengan waktu paparan sinar UV-A 7 jam menghasilkan konsentrasi 8-OHdG terbanyak. Hasil studi in vivo juga menunjukan paparan senyawa TBHQ pada tikus menyebabkan pembentukan DNA adduct 8-OHdG.

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TBHQ and UV-A rays are known as the factor of normal DNA disruption of replication and transcription which can cause the damage to biomolecules including DNA . This study aims to analyze the formation of DNA adduct 8-OHdG due to oxidative DNA damage caused by TBHQ and UV-A rays through in vitro reaction, carried out by incubating at 2'-deoxiguanosin with TBHQ, H2O2, in the presence/without presence UV-A rays at pH 7.4 and at temperature 37 °C for 5 and 7 hours. in vivo studies were carried out using urine samples of white rat (Rattus Norvegicus) exposed by TBHQ. The formation of 8-OHdG was analyzed using HPLC instrument (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) with reverse phase chromatography. The formation of DNA adduct generated from the studies is biomarker of DNA damage due to oxidative stress. The results of in vitro studies on dG + H2O2 + TBHQ with UV-A light with a 7-hour exposure time showed the highest concentration of 8-OHdG. The results of studies in vivo also show exposure to TBHQ in rats causing the formation of 8-OHdG DNA adduct."

"ABSTRACTLevamisole is used as an anthelminthic; it is effective in the treatment of Ascaris suum infection, and it is considered to paralysethe Ascaris' muscle by inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, so the muscle is deficient in ATP. There are similarities in the contraction system of the muscle of Ascaris and the contractile system of the spermatozoa. Thus, the effect of Levamisole on the quality of human spermatozoa in vitro was studied at dosages of 2.3 no, 4.5 mg, 6.8 mg, 7.3 mg, 8.2 mg and 9.1 mg per ml of semen. The quality of spermatozoa includes motility, integrity of the plasma membrane and viability. It was ascertained to be within the required percentage. The spermatozoa was examined to see whether Levamisole could render all of them immotile within a period of 2 minutes or Less, and if they become immotile, whether Levamisole has the capacity of destroying the integrity of the plasma membrane. It was also deter-mined if the immotile spermatozoa were all nonviable. The integrity of the plasma membrane was examined by HOS test, and sperm viability was determined by eosin Y test. Human semen {43 samples) used for this study were be fertile as stipulated. by WHO and Farris.It was observed that Levamisole at the Lowest dosage (2.3 mg/ml semen) was able to reduce sperm motility; the higher the Level, the greater the effect, and at a dosage of 9.1 mglml, all the spermatozoa become immotile within less than 2 minutes. ALL the spermatozoa that become immotile Loss the integrity of the plasma membrane. In addition, the spermatozoa that had become immotile, after being washed and tested with eosin Y, were revealed to be nonviable.;A close study about the effects of the addition of zirconium (Zr) and lanthanum (La) metals on the condutivity and heat resistance of commercial purity aluminium has been carried out on the three kinds of aluminium samples consisting of commercial purity aluminium (Sample A), aluminium with the addition of Zr (Sample B), as well as aluminium with the addition of 0.04 wt % Zr and La (SampleC). The samples were made by casting and rolling processes to form a-3.52 mm wire in diameter. The electrical conductivity of the aluminium samples was determined by measuring the resistivity employing Kelvin double bridge instrument. The heat resistance properties were obtained by measuring their strength before and after heating the sample for one hour at various temperatures, and by measuring their DSC curves. To elucidate the effect of the addition of Zr and La to the properties of aluminium, their microstructures were also observed by the optical as well as electron microscopes and their lattice parameters were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The results shows that the addition of 0.04 wt.% Zr increased the heat resistance of aluminium from 85.1% to 91.0 %, however it reduces their electrical conductivity from 61.78 % IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) to 60.07 % IACS. By the addition of La into aluminium containing 0.04 % wt. %Zr, the electrical conductivity of the Sample B can be increased from 60.07 IACS to 60.80 %IACS. There is a strong indication that the increase of the heat resistance was caused by grain refinement and the second phase formation in the aluminium, whereas the increase in the electrical conductivity of aluminium was caused by a decrease in the solid solubility of impurities in the aluminium due to the addition of lanthanum elements. Based on the data from such study, the optimum heat resistance and electrical conductivity were obtainable by the addition of 0.04 wt. °A Zr and 0.13 wt. % La."

"Latar Belakang: Global warming atau peristiwa meningkatnya suhu rerata bumi disebabkan oleh peningkatan konsentrasi karbondioksida (CO2) pada atmosfer bumi. Peningkatan kadar karbondioksida ini berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan melalui berbagai cara. Dalam tubuh kondisi kadar karbondioksida yang tinggi atau hiperkapnea dapat memberikan pengaruh pada tubuh salah satu nya adalah peningkatan produksi Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) yang dapat menyebabkan stres oksidatif. Dengan menggunakan sel Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC), kadar ROS terutama superoksida yang diproduksi akibat paparan CO2 tinggi dapat dideteksi dengan menggunakan dihydroethidium (DHE) assay. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat efek pemaparan pada kadar CO2 tinggi terhadap perubahan produksi superoksida pada sel PBMC. Metode: Sel PBMC diinkubasi pada kadar CO2 yang berbeda yaitu kadar tinggi sebesar 15% dan kontrol 5% CO2. Produksi superoksida pada sel tersebut dapat dilihat menggunakan DHE assay dengan melihat perubahan nilai absorbansi pada fluorometer. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah nilai absorbansi per sel yang menggambarkan kadar superoksida untuk tiap satu sel PBMC.Hasil: Pemaparan sel PBMC pada kondisi tinggi CO2 (15% CO2) selama 24 jam dan 48 jam secara signifikan meningkatkan produksi superoksida bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol (5% CO2) pada sel PBMC. Namun terdapat penurunan yang signifikan antara paparan tinggi CO2 selama 48 jam bila dibandingkan dengan paparan tinggi CO2 selama 24 jam. Dari sini dapat disimpulkan bahwa paparan tinggi CO2 dapat meningkatkan laju produksi superoksida pada sel PBMC. Selain itu terdapat penurunan kadar superoksida pada sel PBMC apabila lama paparan CO2 tinggi lebih dari 24 jam. Kesimpulan: Pemaparan kadar CO2 tinggi pada sel PBMC selama 24 jam dan 48 jam akan meningkatkan laju produksi ROS terhadap kontrol. Penurunan kadar superoksida pada inkubasi CO2 tinggi selama 48 jam menunjukan ada nya pengurangan kadar superoksida apabila lama inkubasi lebih dari 24 jam.

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Background: Global warming or the increase in the average temperature of the earth is caused by an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the earth's atmosphere. Increased levels of carbon dioxide affect health in various ways. In the body of conditions high carbon dioxide levels or hypercapnea can give effect to the body one of them is an increase in the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which can cause oxidative stress. By using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) cells, ROS levels, especially superoxide produced due to high CO2 exposure can be detected using dihydroethidium (DHE) assay.

Objective: This study was conducted to see the effect of exposure to high CO2 levels on changes in superoxide production in PBMC cells.

Methods: PBMC cells were incubated at different CO2 levels, namely a high level of 15% and a control of 5% CO2. Superoxide production in these cells can be seen using the DHE assay by looking at changes in absorbance values on the fluorometer. The results obtained are absorbance values per cell that describe the levels of superoxide for each one PBMC cell.

Results: Exposure of PBMC cells under high CO2 conditions (15% CO2) for 24 hours and 48 hours significantly increased superoxide production when compared to controls (5% CO ¬ 2) on PBMC cells. However, there was a significant decrease between 48 hours of high CO2 exposure compared to 24 hours of high CO2 exposure. From this it follows that high exposure to CO2 can increase the rate of superoxide production in PBMC cells. In addition there is a decrease in superoxide levels in PBMC cells if the duration of high CO2 exposure is more than 24 hours.

Conclusion: exposure to high CO2 levels in PBMC cells for 24 hours and 48 hours will increase the rate of superoxide production to control. Decrease in superoxide levels in incubation of high CO2 for 48 hours shows that there is a reduction in superoxide levels if the incubation time is more than 24 hours"

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Salah satu tantangan terbesar dalam upaya pengobatan malaria adalahterjadinya penurunan efikasi pada penggunaan obat antimalaria, seperti kasus resistensi.Kejadian resistensi terhadap beberapa jenis obat mendorong penemuan obat antimalariabaru terus dilakukan. Beberapa studi yang telah dilakukan menyebutkan bahwaandrografolid (ANDRO) memiliki efek sebagai antimalaria. Dehidroksiandrografolid(DeOH-AND) adalah senyawa yang memiliki kemiripan struktur dengan ANDRO.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek DeOH sebagai antiplasmodium danmekanisme kerjanya.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan teknik in vitro. Padapenelitian ini digunakan galur parasit Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (chloroquinesensitive). Percobaan dilakukan untuk menjawab tiga tujuan penelitian; pertamabertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi DeOH-AND sebagai antiplasmodium denganmelakukan uji IC50, uji hambatan bergantung stadium parasit dan melihat morfologi selparasit menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope).Kedua bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek sitotoksik DeOH-AND terhadap sel mamaliayang diujikan pada sel hati galur sel HepG2 dan sel darah merah. Ketiga, bertujuan untukmempelajari pengaruh DeOH-AND terhadap status oksidatif parasit dilihat dari kadarROS intraseluler parasit, rasio GSH/GSSG dan aktivitas enzim SOD.Hasil: DeOH-AND memiliki aktivitas antiplasmodium dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 4 μMsedangkan kontrol klorokuin yang digunakan memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 0.06 μM(60x10-9 M). Kedua senyawa ini dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel parasit pada stadiumring, tropozoit dan skizon. Hasil pengamatan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan TEMmempelihatkan kerusakan pada sel parasit bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol. SenyawaDeOH-AND tidak toksik terhadap sel hati (HepG2) dengan nilai CC50 yakni 394.67 μMserta tidak toksik pada sel darah merah. Hasil percobaan bagian ketiga menunjukkanbahwa DeOH-AND tidak mempengaruhi kadar ROS, rasio GSH/GSSG serta aktivitasenzim SOD.Kesimpulan: Senyawa DeOH-AND memiliki potensi sebagai antiplasmodium dan tidakmemiliki efek toksik terhadap sel mamalia baik hati (HepG2) dan sel darah merah.DeOH-AND tidak mempengaruhi status oksidatif parasit secara signifikan.

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ABSTRACTBackground: One of the biggest challenges in malaria treatment is the occurrence ofdecreasing efficacy on antimalarial drugs like resistancy cases. Insidence of some drugresistance encourages the new antimalarial drugs continue to discover. Severeal studiesmentioned that andrographolide (ANDRO) has an antimalarial effect.Dehidroksiandrographolide (DeOH) is a compound which has structural similarities withANDRO. This study aims to determine the effect of DeOH as antiplasmodium and itsmechanism.Methods: This is an experimental study using in vitro techniques. In this study were usedPlasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains (chloroquine sensitive). The experiments has three aims;the first part was aimed to known about the potential of DeOH-AND as an antiplasmodiumusing IC50 assay technique, stage dependent antiplasmodium activity, and analyse the P.falciparum morphology using light microscope and TEM (Transmission ElectronMiscroscope) technique. The second parts was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect ofDeOH-AND on mamalian cell (hepar cell-HepG2 and red blood cell). And the third aims isto investigate the effect of DeOH-AND on parasite oxidative stress status with analyse theintracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration, GSH/GSSG ratio and SOD(Superoxide Dismutase) enzyme activity.Results: DeOH-AND has antiplasmodium activity with IC50 value of 4 μM whereaschloroquine has IC50 values of 0.06 μM (60x10-9M). These compounds was found to inhibitthe ring, tropozoit and skizon stage of the parasite. Treated P. falciparum 3D7 parasites showthe crisis of their morphology cell which compared with untreated parasites (control). DeOHANDis not toxic to liver cells (HepG2) with CC50 values 394.67 and also not toxic to redblood cells which were seen from the results of hemolysis potential test. DeOHantiplasmodium effect were seen on all stage of the parasite (either ring, trophozoit andschizont) and caused parasite cell damage effect activity at all stages of the parasite (eitherring, trophozoit and schizonts) and shown to cause damage. The third experiment showed thatDeOH-AND did not affect the intracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration,GSH/GSSG ratio and also SOD enzyme activity.Conclusions: DeOH compounds has antiplasmodium activity. These compound has no toxiceffect on both of the liver cells (HepG2) and red blood cells. DeOH-AND did not affect parasitoxidative status with significantly, Background: One of the biggest challenges in malaria treatment is the occurrence ofdecreasing efficacy on antimalarial drugs like resistancy cases. Insidence of some drugresistance encourages the new antimalarial drugs continue to discover. Severeal studiesmentioned that andrographolide (ANDRO) has an antimalarial effect.Dehidroksiandrographolide (DeOH) is a compound which has structural similarities withANDRO. This study aims to determine the effect of DeOH as antiplasmodium and itsmechanism.Methods: This is an experimental study using in vitro techniques. In this study were usedPlasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains (chloroquine sensitive). The experiments has three aims;the first part was aimed to known about the potential of DeOH-AND as an antiplasmodiumusing IC50 assay technique, stage dependent antiplasmodium activity, and analyse the P.falciparum morphology using light microscope and TEM (Transmission ElectronMiscroscope) technique. The second parts was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect ofDeOH-AND on mamalian cell (hepar cell-HepG2 and red blood cell). And the third aims isto investigate the effect of DeOH-AND on parasite oxidative stress status with analyse theintracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration, GSH/GSSG ratio and SOD(Superoxide Dismutase) enzyme activity.Results: DeOH-AND has antiplasmodium activity with IC50 value of 4 μM whereaschloroquine has IC50 values of 0.06 μM (60x10-9M). These compounds was found to inhibitthe ring, tropozoit and skizon stage of the parasite. Treated P. falciparum 3D7 parasites showthe crisis of their morphology cell which compared with untreated parasites (control). DeOHANDis not toxic to liver cells (HepG2) with CC50 values 394.67 and also not toxic to redblood cells which were seen from the results of hemolysis potential test. DeOHantiplasmodium effect were seen on all stage of the parasite (either ring, trophozoit andschizont) and caused parasite cell damage effect activity at all stages of the parasite (eitherring, trophozoit and schizonts) and shown to cause damage. The third experiment showed thatDeOH-AND did not affect the intracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration,GSH/GSSG ratio and also SOD enzyme activity.Conclusions: DeOH compounds has antiplasmodium activity. These compound has no toxiceffect on both of the liver cells (HepG2) and red blood cells. DeOH-AND did not affect parasitoxidative status with significantly]"

"Pemanfaatan teknologi nuklir terutama radiasi gamma telah menjadi bagian penting di bidang kedokteran. Radiasi gamma dapat menghasilkan spesies oksigen reaktif (ROS) yang menyebabkan kerusakan biologis pada sel normal. Antioksidan adalah senyawa kimia yang dapat mencegah reaksi berantai radikal bebas. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan eksplorasi kemampuan dari bawang putih, petai, jengkol, tomat dan NAC dalam melindungi sel tehadap radiasi gamma. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri atas: A (kontrol), B (radiasi), C (bawang putih+radiasi), D (petai+radiasi), E (jengkol+radiasi), F (tomat+radiasi) dan G (NAC+radiasi). Tiap kelompok terdiri atas 4 ekor tikus jantan. Paparan radiasi gamma dilakukan setelah pemberian bahan alam selama 8 hari berturut-turut. Uji biokimia berupa pengukuran konsentrasi Malondialdehid (MDA), Glutation (GSH), 8-hidroksi-2-deoksiguanosin (8-OHdG), aktivitas spesifik Glutation Peroksidase (GPx), Katalase (CAT) serta uji immunofluoresensi foci γH2AX pada limfosit dan plasma. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paparan radiasi gamma dapat menyebabkan peningkatan signifikan pada konsentrasi MDA, GSH, 8-OHdG dan jumlah foci γH2AX serta penurunan signifikan pada aktivitas spesifik GPx dan CAT (p<0.05). Sementara itu, pemberian ekstrak bawang putih, jengkol, tomat dan NAC mampu secara signifikan mengurangi radikal bebas akibat radiasi gamma. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bawang putih, jengkol, tomat dan NAC mampu melindungi tikus terhadap stres oksidatif akibat radiasi gamma.

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Application of nuclear technology, especially gamma radiation, has become an important part of the medical field. Gamma radiation exposure can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause biological damage to normal cells. Antioxidants are chemical compounds that can prevent free radical chain reaction. This study has been focused to explore the capability some materials of garlic, petai, jengkol, tomatoes and N-acetylcystein (NAC) in counteracting free radicals caused by gamma radiation. This research was divided into 7 treatment groups, namely A (control), B (radiation), C(garlic+radiation), D(petai+radiation), E(jengkol+radiation), F(tomato+radiation) and G(NAC+radiation). Each group consists of 4 male rats. The irradiation were given after 8 days the suplement had been given. Detection of  malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by biochemical, and γ-H2AX foci by immunoflouresence assay were made from lymphocytes and plasma. The results showed that gamma radiation cause a significant increase in MDA, GSH, 8-OHdG concentration and the number of foci γH2AX and a significant decrease in GPx and CAT specific activity (p <0.05). Giving garlic extract, jengkol bean, tomato and NAC can significantly reduce free radicals due to gamma radiation. The conclusion is garlic, jengkol bean, tomato and NAC can protect mice against oxidative stress due to gamma radiation."

"Hampir 50% kasus infertilitas disebabkan oleh faktor pria. Infertilitas pria dapat tidak terdeteksi dengan analisis sperma dan mempengaruhi keluaran Teknologi Reproduksi Berbantu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode pemeriksaan untuk meramalkan infertilitas pria. Dengan desain potong lintang dan consecutive sampling didapatkan 2 kelompok subjek, infertil (78 subjek) dan fertil (36 subjek). IFD sperma diperiksa menggunakan metode sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) dengan kit Halosperm®. Didapatkan nilai median IFD sperma kelompok infertil lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan kelompok fertil. IFD sperma juga memiliki AUC yang paling tinggi dibandngkan ketiga komponen analisis sperma (konsentrasi, motilitas, dan morfologi). IFD sperma memiliki nilai diagnostik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan analisis sperma dengan titik potong optimal 26,1% dengan sensitivitas 80,8%, spesifisitas 86,1%, NDP 92,6%, dan NDN 67,4%.

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Almost 50% of infertility are caused by male factors. Male infertility could not be detected by conventional sperm analysis and affect the outcome of Assissted Reproductive Technology. This study aim to develop a method to predict male infertility better. Using cross-sectional design and consecutive sampling, obtained two groups of subjects, infertile (78 subjects) and fertile (36 subjects). Sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was examined using sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test by Halosperm® kit. Median value of sperm DFI on infertile group was significantly higher compared to fertile group. Sperm DFI also had the highest AUC compared to the three components of conventional sperm analysis (concentration, motility, and morphology). Sperm DFI had a higher diagnostic value than the sperm analysis with optimal cut-off-point of 26.1% with sensitivity of 80.8%, specificity of 86.1%, PPV of 92.6%, and NPV of 67.4%."

"Hampir 50% kasus infertilitas disebabkan oleh faktor pria. Infertilitas pria dapat tidak terdeteksi dengan analisis sperma dan mempengaruhi keluaran Teknologi Reproduksi Berbantu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode pemeriksaan untuk meramalkan infertilitas pria. Dengan desain potong lintang dan consecutive sampling didapatkan 2 kelompok subjek, infertil (78 subjek) dan fertil (36 subjek). IFD sperma diperiksa menggunakan metode sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) dengan kit Halosperm®. Didapatkan nilai median IFD sperma kelompok infertil lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan kelompok fertil. IFD sperma juga memiliki AUC yang paling tinggi dibandngkan ketiga komponen analisis sperma (konsentrasi, motilitas, dan morfologi). IFD sperma memiliki nilai diagnostik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan analisis sperma dengan titik potong optimal 26,1% dengan sensitivitas 80,8%, spesifisitas 86,1%, NDP 92,6%, dan NDN 67,4%.

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Almost 50% of infertility are caused by male factors. Male infertility could not be detected by conventional sperm analysis and affect the outcome of Assissted Reproductive Technology. This study aim to develop a method to predict male infertility better. Using cross-sectional design and consecutive sampling, obtained two groups of subjects, infertile (78 subjects) and fertile (36 subjects). Sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was examined using sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test by Halosperm® kit. Median value of sperm DFI on infertile group was significantly higher compared to fertile group. Sperm DFI also had the highest AUC compared to the three components of conventional sperm analysis (concentration, motility, and morphology). Sperm DFI had a higher diagnostic value than the sperm analysis with optimal cut-off-point of 26.1% with sensitivity of 80.8%, specificity of 86.1%, PPV of 92.6%, and NPV of 67.4%."

"Infertilitas terjadi pada 10-15 pasangan di dunia. Faktor laki-laki terjadi pada 35 kasus infertilitas dan 10-20 terjadi karena keduanya. Salah satu uji untuk mendeteksi faktor infertilitas pada laki-laki adalah dengan uji fungsional spermatozoa yaitu uji integritas membran dan fragmentasi DNA spermatozoa. Uji integritas membran spermatozoa adalah uji untuk melihat keutuhan dan fungsi dari membran plasma spermatozoa. Uji fragmentasi DNA spermatozoa adalah uji untuk melihat keutuhan dari DNA spermatozoa. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui hubungan antara integritas membran dengan fragmentasi DNA spermatozoa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang dengan 100 sampel dari hasil laboratorium laki-laki infertil di Klinik Yasmin RSCM Kencana. Uji integritas membrane spermatozoa dilakukan dengan uji Hypo-osmotic Swelling HOS sedangkan fragmentasi DNA spermatozoa diuji dengan uji Sperm Chromatin Dispersion SCD. Uji dan pengelompokan analisis semen ini dilakukan berdasarkan WHO laboratory manual for examination and processing of human semen edisi ke-lima. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa terdapat korelasi negatif yang signifikan p=0,008 dengan kekuatan korelasi lemah r=-0,265 antara integritas membran dengan fragmentasi DNA spermatozoa.

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Infertility occurs in 10 15 of couple in the world. Male factor occurs in 35 of infertility cases and 10 20 occurs as both. One of the test to detect infertility factor in men is the spermatozoa functional test whereas the spermatozoa membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation test. Spermatozoa membrane integrity test is a test to see the integrity and function of the plasma membrane of spermatozoa. Sperm DNA fragmentation test is a test to determine the integrity of the DNA of spermatozoa. This study investigates the relationship between the membrane integrity of spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation.

This study using cross sectional method with 100 samples of laboratory result in Klinik Yasmin Kencana RSCM. Spermatozoa membrane integrity test conducted by Hypo osmotic swelling test and spermatozoa DNA fragmentation tested with Sperm Chromatin Dispersion test. The semen analysis is based on WHO laboratory manual for examination and processing of human semen 5th edition. The result of this study is that there is a significant negative weak correlation p 0,008, r 0,265 between the spermatozoa membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation. "