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"ABSTRACTSpecies diversity and distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera; Rhopalocera)of the urban forest of Muhammad Sabki, Jambi were studied from January toFebruary 2012. The urban forest was divided into four different habitat types: thePark, the Stream side, the Rubber forest, and the Mixed forest. Two transectroutes were established for each habitat type. Observations were made on thenumber of individuals of each species of butterflies found within the transects.Data were analyzed by Shannon-Wiener, Evenness, and Sorenson indices. A totalof 43 species with 3241 individuals of six families (Hesperiidae, Papilionidae,Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, and Riodinidae) of butterflies were recorded.Nymphalidae was the most dominating family with the highest species richness atthe urban forest. The highest number of butterfly species was recorded at theRubber forest and the Stream side (37 species each), followed by the Park (33species) and the Mixed forest (27 species). The most abundant butterflies werefound at the Rubber Forest, and the least were in the Stream side. Two species(Eurema hecabe and Mycalesis janardana) were observed consistently at allhabitat types, and the former was the most abundant species. The highest speciesdiversity and evenness indices were found in the Rubber Forest, while the lowestwere in the Stream Side. Species diversity and evennes indices of butterflies ofthe urban forest can be categorized as low and low to moderate respectively.Based on their similarity indices of species (IS), the community of butterfly of theurban forest consisted of three communities: the Park, the Stream Side-RubberForest, and the Mixed Forest. The highest IS was found in the Stream Side-Rubber Forest. Nevertheless, high similarity indices (>0.7) of the butterfliesbetween communities indicating that the communities of the butterfly had almostsimilar species composition, and most species were widely distributed across allhabitat types of the urban forest."

"Heliconius butterflies have contributed hugely to our understanding of evolution over the last 150 years. These brightly coloured tropical butterflies are famous for their great diversity of wing patterns and also repeated convergence of pattern due to mimicry. The book explores their ecological relationships with Passiflora host plants, which provide an example of coevolution between host and herbivore. They also have coevolved relationships with cucurbit vines that provide a reliable source of pollen for the butterflies in return for pollination services. This has led to a shift in life history, with Heliconius characterized by a long lifespan and extended reproductive period compared to other butterflies. They also have large brains and unusual behaviours involving detailed spatial memory of their local environment. Their extraordinary diversity of wing patterns is controlled by a remarkably simple system of alternate alleles at just four major wing patterning genes. These genes regulate the development of patterning and colouration in the wing through regulatory changes that control expression of these key genes. These genes therefore offer insight into how developmental processes can evolve in rapid radiations, to produce such bewildering variety from just a few genetic building blocks. The alleles at these major patterning loci have been exchanged between species through adaptive introgression, offering a mechanism for convergent evolution through allele sharing. The genomes of sympatric species also show rampant evidence for genetic material exchanged through hybridization, which challenges our notions of species identity. Divergence in wing pattern also contributes to speciation. In summary, these butterflies have a well understood ecology, genetics, and behaviour, which offer some remarkable insights into tropical rainforest biodiversity and adaptive radiation."

"Kupu-kupu merupakan salah satu polinator yang membantu tumbuhan melakukan polinasi. Hubungan kupu-kupu dengan tumbuhan saling menguntungkan. Saat ini, kupu-kupu di daerah perkotaan tengah mengalami ancaman kepunahan karena adanya pengalihan fungsi lahan, sehingga jumlah vegetasi menurun yang juga mempengaruhi penurunan populasi kupu-kupu. Padahal, kupu-kupu berperan penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah taman-taman yang berada di Fakultas UI Depok bisa menjadi habitat yang ramah bagi kupu-kupu dengan dua aspek utama yaitu untuk mengetahui perbedaan keanekaragaman kupu-kupu di taman fakultas Kampus UI Depok serta menganalisis korelasi antara kupu-kupu dengan tumbuhan yang ada di taman fakultas Kampus UI Depok. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Mei 2023 dengan metode modifikasi dari transek Pollard (1977) dan menggabungkannya dengan metode jelajah. Terdapat 13 spesies kupu-kupu dari 4 famili yang teramati, dengan famili yang paling dominan adalah Nymphalidae. Kupu-kupu paling banyak ditemukan di taman Fakultas Hukum, namun indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener paling tinggi terdapat di Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Kupu-kupu dan tumbuhan yang terdata di lima taman fakultas di Kampus UI Depok memiliki korelasi positif, yakni semakin banyak tumbuhan yang terdapat di taman tersebut maka kehadiran kupu-kupu akan semakin banyak. Pemilihan tumbuhan dan luas area hijauan yang tepat di sebuah taman akan menciptakan taman yang ramah bagi kupu-kupu.

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Butterflies are one of the pollinators that help plants to pollinate. The relationship between butterflies and plants is mutually beneficial. These days, butterflies in urban areas are facing the threat of extinction due to the land conversion which causes a decreasing of the vegetation. On that account, it affects the decline in the butterfly populations. This fact is crucial since butterflies play an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Therefore, this research was conducted with a purpose which is to find out whether the gardens at the Faculty of UI Depok could be a friendly habitat for butterflies with the main objective to find out the differences in the butterfly diversity in the faculty parks of the UI Depok Campus and to analyze the correlation between butterflies and plants in the faculty garden of the UI Depok Campus. Data collection was carried out from April to May 2023 by using a modified method from the Pollard transect (1977) and combining it with the cruising method. There were 13 species of butterflies that were observed from 4 families which the most dominant family is Nymphalidae. Butterflies with the most abundant were found in the gardens of the Faculty of Law. However, the highest of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was found in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Those butterflies and plants that were recorded in five faculty gardens at the UI Depok Campus turned out have a positive correlation which is the more plants there are in the park, the more butterflies will be present. The selection of the plants and the right area of ​​forage in a garden will create a butterfly-friendly garden."