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"Avaibility of clean water is one of the biggest problem, especially in developing countries. The simplest way to treat turbid water is using coagulation. However, chemical coagulant such as alum and ferrum has several drawbacks, including high sludge volume and negative health impact when the water is consumed. Natural coagulants offer better option, especially with its avaibility, low in price, lower sludge volume, and comparable effectiveness with chemical coagulant. In this study we utilize Moringa oleifera, Carica papaya, and Leucaena leucocephala seeds, which are indigenous plants in Indonesia, as natural coagulant. FTIR study was done to qualitatively identify the possible active coagulant agent in the seeds. The coagulant performance for turbidity removal of synthetic kaolin water was studied using jar test apparatus at various coagulant dosage and pH. Functional groups of –OH, N-H, C=O, primary, secondary, and tertiary amides were identified in all seeds. The dosage and pH gave no effect to turbidity removal, when M.oleifera was used as natural coagulant, but gave some effects in papaya and leucaena. The turbidity removal obtained in this study was comparable with other reported results, therefore it can be concluded that these seeds have potential to be used as natural coagulants."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai perancangan bangunan instalasi pengolahan grey water dari segi analisa kelayakan biaya investasi secara ekonomi dengan membandingkan dengan pengelolaan air air limbah domestik yang diterapkan di Rasuna Epicentrum saat ini. Perancangan bangunan instalasi pengolahan disesuaikan dengan kondisi lapangan setempat. Analisa perhitungan ditinjau dalam periode 100 tahun dan diketahui bahwa untuk pengolahan grey water saat ini lebih ekonomis dari pengolahan yang direncanakan (IPGWR). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan mengenai penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai karakteristik/kualitas grey water.

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This study explained about designs of constructions grey water treatment plants which is evaluated investment cost economically between current treatment in this site location (at Rasuna Epicentrum) and designed treatment plants. Construction design of grey water treatment plants adapted for the condition local field. Analysis calculation should be evaluated in periods 100 years and known that for the processing of grey water in this time more economic of planned processing (IPGWR). Therefore, it was needed for further research concerned about characteristic/quality of grey water."

"Peningkatan kebutuhan air bersih berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan jumlah air limbah yang dihasilkan. Pada umumnya, di Indonesia greywater hanya akan dibuang menuju drainase. Lahan basah buatan merupakan salah satu teknologi konvensional yang dapat mengolah greywater. Pengolahan dengan sistem lahan basah buatan dapat menjadi alternatif untuk mengolah greywater menjadi air baku. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kemampuan serta pengaruh organic loading rate terhadap efektivitas lahan basah buatan dengan kombinasi Canna indica dan Phragmites karka dalam mendegradasi TSS, BOD5, COD, NH4-N, dan Fecal coliform dalam greywater. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis lahan basah buatan aliran horizontal bawah permukaan dengan sistem batch dengan kombinasi media kerikil, pasir silika, arang, dan tanah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa lahan basah buatan dengan kombinasi tanaman Canna indica dan Phragmites karka mampu mencapai efisiensi penyisihan polutan sebesar 88% untuk BOD, 71% untuk COD, 86% untuk TSS, 95% untuk amonia, dan 96% untuk Fecal coliform. Organic loading rate yang diterima oleh lahan basah tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja lahan basah. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, lahan basah buatan dengan kombinasi Canna indica dan Phragmites karka memiliki kinerja yang efektif dalam menurunkan polutan TSS, BOD5, COD, amonia, dan Fecal coliform.

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The increase in the need for clean water is followed by an increase in the amount of wastewater produced. Generally, in Indonesia, greywater will only be discharged into drainage. Constructed wetland is one of the conventional technologies that can treat greywater. Treatment with an constructed wetland system can be an alternative to processing greywater into raw water. The purpose of this study was to analyze the ability and effect of organic loading rate on the effectiveness of constructed wetlands with a combination of Canna indica and Phragmites karka in degrading TSS, BOD5, COD, NH4-N, and Fecal coliform in greywater. This study uses horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland with a batch system with a combination of gravel, silica sand, charcoal, and soil media. The results of this study indicate that the constructed wetlands with the combination of Canna indica and Phragmites karka were able to achieve pollutant removal efficiency of 88% for BOD, 71% for COD, 86% for TSS, 95% for ammonia, and 96% for Fecal coliform. The organic loading rate received by the wetland does not have a significant effect on the performance of the wetland. Based on these results, an constructed wetland with a combination of Canna indica and Phragmites karka has an effective performance in reducing TSS, BOD5, COD, ammonia, and Fecal coliform."

"Kebutuhan air DKI Jakarta saat ini mencapai 24.000 liter/detik. Namun, kapasitas produksi PAM Jaya hanya mampu menyediakan 20.225 liter/detik. Defisit ketersediaan air bersih disebabkan oleh kurangnya sumber air baku yang memenuhi standar baku mutu untuk dapat diolah menjadi air bersih, salah satu contohnya adalah Kali Krukut. Dengan demikian, maka digunakanlah proses MBBR pada IPA Cilandak sebagai pre-treatment untuk dapat meningkatkan kualitas air baku. Penggunaan MBBR pada proses pengolahan air minum merupakan hal yang masih terbilang baru di Indonesia. Dengan demikian, maka diperlukan analisis mengenai efektivitas penggunaan MBBR dalam menyisihkan polutan pada air baku yang diolah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis evektivitas dan efisiensi penyisihan, menganailisis kesesuaian dengan kriteria desain, dan menganalisis efektivitias dan efisiensi penyisihan dengan GPS-X. Setelah dilakukan pengujian sampel dan perhitungan efisiensi penyisihan, maka ditemukan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan MBBR untuk parameter amonia, nitrat, nitrit, COD, BOD, total fosfat, dan total koliform masih belum maksimal. Efisiensi penyisihan untuk MBBR 1 secara berturut-turut yaitu 61, -32, 8, 33, -227, 11, dan -23 %. Sedangkan untuk MBBR 2 secara berturut-turut yaitu 66, -29, 8, 33, -181, 13, dan -259 %. Selain itu, analisis desain dan parameter operasional terhadap kriteria desain menunjukkan beberapa ketidaksesuaian seperti untuk SALR dan dimensi fisik MBBR. Proses MBBR juga dimodelkan dan disimulasi dengan perangkat lunak GPS-X. Hasil perhitungan efisiensi penyisihan setelah simulasi untuk seluruh parameter kecuali total koliform secara beturut-turut yaitu 41,3; -211; 69,8; 1,85; 17; dan 0 %. Setelahnya, dilakukan analisis sensitivitas terhadap parameter COD, amonia, dan oksigen terlarut (DO) dengan menaikkan dan menurunkan input parameter operasional sebesar 5%. Ditemukan bahwa parameter operasional yang paling berpengaruh yaitu debit air yang masuk, fraksi pengisian, dan debit udara. Selanjutnya dilakukan variasi terhadap ketiga parameter tersebut untuk mencari nilai yang paling optimum dalam meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan MBBR. Diperoleh nilai optimum untuk debit, fraksi pengisian, dan debit udara berturut-turut yaitu 5.000 m3/hari; 55 %; dan 20.000 m3/hari. Dengan nilai optimum tersebut, model disimulasi ulang sehingga terjadi peningkatan efisiensi untuk amonia, nitrit, COD, dan BOD berturut-turut yaitu 76,72; 92,67; 7,50; dan 64,39 %.

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Currently, DKI Jakarta's water demand reaches 24,000 liters/second. However, PAM Jaya's production capacity is only able to provide 20,225 liters/second. The deficit in clean water availability is caused by the lack of raw water sources that meet quality standards to be processed into clean water, one example is Kali Krukut. Thus, the MBBR process is used at IPA Cilandak as a pre-treatment to improve the quality of raw water. The use of MBBR in the drinking water treatment process is still relatively new in Indonesia. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the effectiveness of the use of MBBR in removing pollutants in the treated raw water. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of removal, analyze compliance with design criteria, and analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of removal with GPS-X. After conducting sample testing and calculating the removal efficiency, it was found that the removal efficiency of MBBR for ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, COD, BOD, total phosphate, and total coliform parameters was still not optimal. The removal efficiency for MBBR 1 is 61, -32, 8, 33, -227, 11, and -23%, respectively. Meanwhile, MBBR 2 is 66, -29, 8, 33, -181, 13, and -259%, respectively. In addition, the analysis of design and operational parameters against the design criteria showed some discrepancies such as for SALR and physical dimensions of the MBBR. The MBBR process was also modeled and simulated with GPS-X software. The results of the removal efficiency calculation after simulation for all parameters except total coliform were 41.3; -211; 69.8; 1.85; 17; and 0%, respectively. Afterward, sensitivity analysis was conducted on COD, ammonia, and dissolved oxygen (DO) parameters by increasing and decreasing the operational parameter inputs by 5%. It was found that the most influential operational parameters were incoming water discharge, filling fraction, and air discharge. Furthermore, variations were made to the three parameters to find the most optimum value in increasing the MBBR removal efficiency. The optimum values for discharge, filling fraction, and air discharge were 5,000 m3/day; 55%; and 40,000 m3/day, respectively. With these optimum values, the model was re-simulated resulting in an increase in efficiency for ammonia, nitrite, COD, and BOD of 76,72; 92,67; 7,50; dan 64,39 %, respectively."

"This book presents an overview of our current knowledge of endocytosis in plants with a main focus on the key molecules undergoing and regulating endocytosis. It also provides up to date methodological approaches as well as principles of protein, structural lipid, sugar and microbe internalization in plant cells. The individual chapters describe clathrin-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis, as well as flotillin-mediated endocytosis and internalization of microbes."