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"This research aimed to obtain phenotypic information based on morphological character of Jogorogo Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). This research was conducted with direct observation through primary and secondary data recording, and documenting parts of Jogorogo Mangosteen plant specifically, that was, in vegetative part: stalk and leave, as well as generative part: flower, fruit and seed. Jogorogo Mangosteen may reach hundreds years of life span, it had an average height of 9 meters, stalk diameter of 1 meter and crown diameter of 6 meter. The tree crown of Jogorogo Mangosteen plant was triangular in shape, with horizontal and irregular branching pattern and various densities. The leaves of Jogorogo Mangosteen wew elliptic. The trip of the leaf was pointed, the base of the leaf was blunt, and the leaf edge was flat with the smooth and shining surface. The flower of Jogorogo Mangosteen was a hermaphrodit and a perfect flower. The fruit was small with 59 grams weight/floer with 4.5 cm long and 4.45 cm wide. The fruit was purple-blackish with the continuous fruit ripening with high fruit bearing level. The Jogorogo Mangosteen fruit was sweet with a little yellow sap. 1-2 seeds were formed in every Jogorogo Mangosteen fruit with 1.6 cm long, 0,8 cm wide and 2.75 thick. The seed is spheroid and ellipsoid with light brown color wrapped with white arrilode."

"ABSTRAKMorfologi cangkang spesies-spesies anggota Famili Thiaridae memiliki variasi intra spesies yang sangat tinggi sehingga dapat menyulitkan penentuan identitas tiap-tiap spesiesnya. Studi ontogeni, mekanisme, dan strategi reproduksi merupakan pendekatan lain yang dapat digunakan untuk menyempurnakan identitas dan sistematika suatu spesies. Pengamatan terhadap morfologi cangkang pada spesies Tarebia granifera Lamarck, 1822 , Melanoides tuberculata M ller, 1774 , dan Stenomelania punctata Lamarck, 1822 menunjukkan variasi terutama pada karakter dimensi cangkang, warna cangkang, ornamen cangkang, serta kuat lemahnya garis tumbuh spiral dan aksial. Hasil studi ontogeni dan reproduksi pada ketiga spesies tersebut menunjukkan bahwa T. granifera dan M. tuberculata bereproduksi secara euvivipar, sementara S. punctata bersifat ovovivipar. Data ontogeni memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan dalam kisaran jumlah, ukuran, dan morfologi embryonic shell antara spesies T. granifera dan M. tuberculata. Jumlah embryonic shell yang tersimpan dalam subhaemocoelic brood pouch T. granifera lebih banyak 9-203 dibandingkan dengan jumlah embryonic shell yang mampu dihasilkan oleh satu individu M. tuberculata 1- 66 . Adapun kisaran ukuran embryonic shell pada T. granifera adalah 0,22-5 mm dan M. tuberculata sebesar 0,12-5,95 mm. Informasi mengenai ontogeni dan mekanisme serta strategi reproduksi selanjutnya dapat dijadikan sebagai bukti terjadinya fenomena-fenomena biologi di alam seperti kolonisasi, radiasi atau evolusi.Kata kunci : Morfologi, ontogeni, reproduksi, variasi intraspesies, Thiaridae.

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ABSTRACTThe shell morphology of some Thiarid rsquo s species are known to have highly inter species variation. Hence, species identification based on morphological characters only is quite difficult. The morphological observation of species Tarebia granifera Lamarck, 1822 , Melanoides tuberculata M ller, 1774 , and Stenomelania punctata Lamarck, 1822 from Indonesia indicates that interspecies variation occur especially on the characters of shell dimensions, colour, ornaments, as well as the strength of spiral and axial growth lines. Studies on ontogeny, mechanisms and strategies of reproduction is another approach that can be used to enhance the valid identity and determination of Thiarid rsquo s species. The studies on ontogeny and reproductive of that three species reveal that T. granifera and M. tuberculata reproduces by eu viviparity while S. punctata are ovo viviparous. Ontogeny data exhibit the differences in the range number of embryonic shell as well as size between embryonic shell of T. granifera and M. tuberculata. Tarebia granifera have more embryonic shell stored in a subhaemocoelic brood pouch 9 203 individu compared with the number of embryonic shell that can be produced by one individual of M. tuberculata 1 66 individu . Tarebia granifera embryonic shell sizes ranging from 0.22 to 5 mm in height. While the size of M. tuberculata embryonic shell are between 0.12 to 5.95 mm. Information about ontogeny and mechanisms as well as reproductive strategies then can be used as an evidence of the occurrence of biological phenomenon in nature such as colonization, radiation as well as evolution.Key words Morphology, ontogeny, reproductive, inter species variation, Thiaridae "

"In this radically new approach to morphological typology, the authors set out new and explicit methods for the typological classification of languages. Drawing on evidence from a diverse range of languages including Chinantec, Dakota, French, Fur, Icelandic, Ngiti and Sanskrit, the authors propose innovative ways of measuring inflectional complexity. Designed to engage graduate students and academic researchers, the book presents opportunities for further investigation. The authors' data sets and the computational tool that they constructed for their analysis are available online, allowing readers to employ them in their own research"

"How did the zebra really get its stripes, and the giraffe its long neck? What is the science behind camel humps, leopard spots, and other animal oddities? Such questions have fascinated us for centuries, but the expanding field of evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology) is now providing, for the first time, a wealth of insights and answers. Taking inspiration from Kipling's 'Just So Stories', this book weaves emerging insights from evo-devo into a narrative that provides startling explanations for the origin and evolution of traits across the animal kingdom. Held's unique and engaging style makes this narrative both enlightening and entertaining, guiding students and researchers through even complex concepts and encouraging a fuller understanding of the latest developments in the field. The first five chapters cover the first bilaterally symmetric animals, flies, butterflies, snakes, and cheetahs. A final chapter surveys recent results about a menagerie of other animals"--"

"Penelitian tentang karakter morfologi 14 jenis anggrek dari 7 tribus pada anak suku Epidendroideae telah dilakukan selama 1 tahun. Penelitian bertujuan untuk melengkapi deskripsi morfologi dari 14 jenis anggrek anggota anak suku Epidendroideae yang ada pada buku anggrek dan menduga karakter kunci yang menjadi penentu jenis, marga atau tribus dari ke 14 jenis tersebut. Spesimen segar dikumpulkan dari nurseri yang ada di Jakarta, Depok, Bogor,dan Bandung sedangkan spesimen herbarium berasal dari Herbarium Bogoriense. Data karakter morfologi berupa data kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan gambar berupa foto yang diambil dengan metode pengamatan langsung. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan program Microsoft Excel 2007 sehingga didapatkan kisaran ukuran, kemudian data kuantitatif dan kualitatif dibuat deskripsi. Data gambar berupa foto ditampilkan sebagai data visual. Hasil penelitian ini berupa deskripsi yang lebih lengkap dibandingkan dengan deskripsi yang telah ada pada buku anggrek dan berhasil menambahkan sebanyak 65 karakter pada jenis Grammatophyllum scriptum, 72 pada G. speciosum, 61 pada Psychopsis papilio, 97 pada P. versteegiana, 48 pada Coelogyne asperata, 50 pada C. pandurata, 101 pada Epidendrum radicans, 66 pada E. floribundum, 81 pada Agrostophyllum bicuspidatum, 89 pada A. longifolium, 50 pada Dendrobium anosmum, 60 pada D. insigne, 84 pada Rhynchostylis gigantea, dan 81 pada R. retusa. Selain itu juga didapatkan karakter yang diduga sebagai karakter kunci seperti akar pikat, dimorfisme bunga, karakter pollinia berbentuk bulat pipih dengan aperture berlekuk (cleft), penempelan pada apical, caudicle tidak terlihat, stipe bercabang bentuk huruf U, viscidium lebar, tipis, dan transparan pada marga Grammatophyllum; tipe pertumbuhan monopodial pada tribus Vandeae; rumpun pseudobulbus yang berjarak karena dipisahkan oleh rhizoma, bentuk daun saat dalam pertumbuhan convolute dan lipatan daun plicate pada marga Coelogyne; ketiadaan struktur tambahan pada pollinia atau pollinia telanjang pada marga Dendrobium.

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Research on morphological characters of 14 species of orchids in 7 tribes of subfamily Epidendroideae has been carried out. The aim of this research was to complete the morphological description of 14 orchids species from subfamily Epidendroideae in orchid books and assumed the key character of species, genus or tribes of 14 species. Plant specimens were collected from nurseries in Jakarta, Depok, Bogor,and Bandung, while the herbarium specimens originating from Herbarium Bogoriense. Morphological character data in the form of quantitative, qualitative, and images of photographs taken by the method of direct observation. Quantitative data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007 to obtain the range of size, then quantitative and qualitative made the description. Images data displayed as visual data.

The result of this research was a more complete description than the existing one in orchid books and successfully adding as many as 65 characters on the species of Grammatophyllum scriptum, 72 on G. speciosum, 61 on Psychopsis papilio, 97 on P. versteegiana, 48 on Coelogyne asperata, 50 on C. pandurata, 101 on Epidendrum radicans, 66 on E. floribundum, 81 on Agrostophyllum bicuspidatum, 89 on A. longifolium, 50 on Dendrobium anosmum, 60 on D. insigne, 84 on Rhynchostylis gigantea, and 81 on R. retusa. Furthermore, it also found character which suspected as the key character, such as “pikat” roots, dimorphism of flower, the characters flat round shaped pollinia with grooved aperture (cleft), the attachment of the apical, caudicle not prominent, stipe forked shape of the letter U, viscidium wide, thin, and transparent in the genus Grammatophyllum; monopodial type of growth on Tribe Vandeae; clumps within pseudobulbus as separated by rhizome, shape of developing leaves convolute and plicate leaf in genus Coelogyne; absence of additional structure on pollinia or pollinia naked in the genus Dendrobium."

"Widiastuti A, Sobir, Suhartanto MR. 2010. Diversity analysis of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) irradiated by gammaraybased on morphological and anatomical characteristics. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 23-33. The aim of this research was to increasegenetic variability of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) irradiated by gamma rays dosage of 0 Gy, 20 Gy, 25 Gy, 30 Gy,35 Gy and40 Gy. Plant materials used were seeds collected from Cegal Sub-village, Karacak Village, Leuwiliang Sub-district, Bogor District,West Java. Data was generated from morphological and anatomical characteristics. The result indicated that increasing of gamma raydosage had inhibited ability of seed to growth, which needed longer time and decreased seed viability. Morphologically, it alsodecreased plant heigh, stem diameter, leaf seizure, and amount of leaf. Anatomically, stomatal density had positive correlation with plant height by correlation was 90% and 74%. Gamma rays irradiation successfully increase morphological variability until 30%. Seedcreavage after irradiation increased variability and survival rate of mangosteen. "