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"Dalam salah satu skenario yang dikeluarkan oleh IPCC telah diprediksi bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi gas rumah kaca untuk tahun 2030 akan setara dengan pelipatgandaaan kandungan karbondioksida dalam atmosfer dan tingkat masa pra industri. Dan jumlah itu, setengah dari yang diproyeksikan dalam bentuk karbondioksida dan sisanya merupakan gabungan dari gas rumah kaca yang lain. Hal ini akan berakibat terjadinya peningkatan suhu di tahun 2030 sebesar 1 ° Celcius diatas suhu saat ini (tahun 1990) dan peningkatan keseluruhan sebesar 3 ° Celcius pada akhir abad 21. Kisaran ketidakpastian dinyatakan sebesar 0,5 ° Celcius hingga 1,5 ° Celcius dan untuk akhir abad 21 sebesar 1,5 ° Celcius hingga 4,5 ° Celcius.Dengan adanya bukti ilmiah ini diperlukan upaya penanganan terhadap fenomena perubahan iklim tersebut. Untuk itu menjelang berakhirnya abad 20, kesibukan para pejabat diplomatik telah meningkatkan intensitasnya terutama dalam perundingan global draft konvensi mengenai perubahan Iklim sebagai upaya mengurangi dampak perubahan iklim. Komitmen ini akhirnya dicapai dengan ditandatanganinya UNFCCC (United Nations Framework on the Convention an Climate Change/UNFCCC) atau Konvensi Kerangka Kerja Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa mengenai Perubahan Iklim 1992 pada KTT Bumi 1992 di Rio De Janerio, Brazil. Indonesia baru meratifikasi 2 tahun kemudian melalui Undang-undang No. 6 Tahun 1994 tentang Pengesahan Konvensi Kerangka Kerja Mengenai Perubahan Iklim 1992. Pada tahun 1997 ketika diadakan Konperensi. Para Pihak Ke-3 (Conference of the Parties/COP-3) di Kyoto, Jepang telah ditandatangani Protokol Kyoto 1997 sebagai pelaksanaan dari UNFCCC. Namun hingga sekarang protokol ini belum berlaku penuh (not enter into force yet) dan belum diratifikasi oleh Indonesia.Suatu perjanjian internasional yang telah ditandatangani oleh Pemerintah Indonesia tidak langsung diterapkan oleh kalangan stakeholders. Untuk dapat diterapkan harus melalui proses ratifikasi, dan setelah diratifikasi dapat dilakukan upaya-upaya seperti pembentukan kelembagaan serta peraturan pelaksanaan bahkan juga upaya penegakan hukumnya. Namun bagi perjanjian internasional yang belum diterapkan diperlukan juga antisipasi dalam menghadapi proses menuju ratifikasi. Antisipasi itu dapat berupa penyiapan kelembagaan, sumberdaya manusia serta perangkat perundang-undangan. Dengan demikian baik perjanjian internasional yang sudah diratifikasi maupun yang akan diratifikasi tetap memerlukan suatu proses terlebih dahulu.Salah satu upaya agar perjanjian internasional dalam pelaksanaannya maupun antisipasi pelaksanaannya dapat berjalan dengan baik maka diperlukan gambaran mengenai pengetahuan serta sikap stakeholders yang menangani perjanjian internasional ini. Adanya gambaran ini sangat penting karena akan diperoleh informasi mengenai hasil ratifikasi dan antisipasi menjelang diratifikasinya suatu perjanjian internasional.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menginventarisasi peraturan-peraturan, kelembagaan serta sumberdaya manusia yang berhubungan dengan Konvensi Kerangka Kerja mengenai Perubahan Iklim 1992 dan antisipasi Protokol Kyoto 1997.Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian non-eksperimental atau penelitian deskriptif-analitik dengan analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Jenis penelitian termasuk penelitian eksploratif dan pengembangannya. Responden yang diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah kalangan stakeholders yang menangani masalah perubahan iklim yang berada di wilayah DKI Jakarta yaitu dari kalangan pemerintah, Iembaga swadaya masyarakat, dunia usaha atau asosiasi usaha dan pakar atau ahli.Dalam penelitian ini peneliti ingin mencari hubungan antara pengetahuan perjanjian internasional perubahan iklim dengan sikap perjanjian internasional perubahan iklim. Pengetahuan yang dimaksud dalam penelitian ini adalah pengetahuan mengenai UNFCCC 1992 dan Protokol Kyoto 1997. Sedangkan yang dimaksud sikap dalam penelitian ini adalah sikap mengenai pelaksanaan UNFCCC 1992 dan antisipasi Protokol Kyoto 1997.Survey pada responden mengenai pengetahuannya tentang UNFCCC memperlihatkan dari 35 responden penelitian yang menjawab tahu adanya UNFCCC sebesar 85,7 %, sedangkan 14,3 % tidak tahu adanya UNFCCC. Jawaban 35 responden mengenai Indonesia sudah meratifikasi Konvensi Kerangka Kerja PBB mengenai Perubahan lklim 1992/UNFCCC adalah sebanyak 42,9 % tahu. Sisanya 57,1 % responden tidak mengetahui ratifikasi ini. Sedangkan pengetahuan mengenai Undang-undang No. 6 tahun 1994 sebagai hasil ratifikasi hanya diketahui oleh responden sebesar 48,6 % dan 51,4 % tidak mengetahui adanya undang-undang ini.Untuk Protokol Kyoto 1997 responden penelitian menjawab tahu adanya protokol ini 94,3 % sedangkan yang tidak tahu 5,7 %. Dari responden yang mengetahui protokol ini, sikap responden 88,6 % sangat setuju jika Indonesia meratifikasi Protokol Kyoto 1997 dan setuju 5,7 %. Sedangkan yang tidak mengetahui protokol ini menjawab ragu-ragu 5,7 %. Dalam wawancara selanjutnya yang menjawab ragu-ragu menyatakan bahwa untuk meratifikasi diperlukan studi lebih dalam lagi mengenal segala konsekuensi yang terjadi.Sedangkan waktu ratifikasi, dari 35 responden penelitian yang menjawab bersikap sangat setuju jika Protokol Kyoto 1997 segera diratifikasi adalah 42,9 %. Sedangkan 45,7 % setuju dan 11,4 % ragu-ragu. Yang menjawab ragu-ragu menyatakan harus melihat situasi dan perkembangan nasional dan internasional.Dari hasil penelitian ini telah mengungkapkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif antara pengetahuan dengan sikap stakeholders sehubungan dengan pelaksanaan perjanjian internasional di bidang perubahan iklim. Selain itu pelaksanaan perjanjian internasional di bidang perubahan iklim belum berjalan dengan baik dikarenakan keterbatasan peraturan perundang-undangan, kelembagaan dan sumberdaya manusia khususnya pengetahuan dengan sikap stakeholders.Dan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa:a. Pemerintah Indonesia sudah memiliki peraturan-peraturan yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan perjanjian internasional di bidang iklim.b. Sudah ada beberapa lembaga yang telah menangani pelaksanaan perjanjian internasional dibidang perubahan iklim.c. Sumber daya manusia terutama para pelaksana dikalangan stakeholders yang melaksanakan perjanjian internasional mengenai perubahan iklim umumnya sangat terbatas jumlahnya.Saran untuk rekomendasi adalah :a. Perlu dibuat peraturan pelaksanaan yang sesuai dengan Undang-undang No. 6 Tahun 1994 tentang Pengesahan Kerangka Konvensi PBB mengenai Perubahan Iklim. Selain ltu perlu didukung rencana ratifikasi Protokol Kyoto 1997.b. Perlu dilakukan sosialisasi terhadap Konvensi Perubahan Iklim 1992 dan Protokol Kyoto 1997.c. Perlu adanya koordinasi yang kuat antar stakeholders dalam melaksanakan perjanjian internasional dibidang perubahan iklim.d. Perlu ditingkatkan sumberdaya manusia dan kelembagaan yang menangani pelaksanaan perjanjian perubahan iklim.e. Perlu mengetahui isu-isu baru dan memanfaatkan mekanisme baru.f. Perlu dilakukan langkah-Iangkah konkrit dalam upaya menurunkan gas-gas rumah kaca (GRK).

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In one scenario of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC, it has been predicted that concentration of green house gases in 2030 will equal to the multiplication of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere from pre-industrial era level. From that amount, half of it was projected to be carbon dioxide and the remainder would be combination of other green house gases. This condition will cause an increase in the air temperature in 2030 by 1°C higher from the temperature in 1990 and the total increase is estimated to be 3°C by the end of the century. The range of uncertainty was noted on 0,5 to 1,5°C and for the temperature at the end of the century it was ranged from 1,5°C to 4,5°C.Effort is required in deal with this scientific evidence concerning the phenomenon of climate change. Hence towards the end of 20th century, the activity of the diplomatic staff has been increasing in intensity particularly in global discussion on convention draft about the climate change in an effort to minimize the impact of climate change. This commitment was finally achieved by the signing of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the 1992 Earth Summit at Rio De Janeiro Brazil. Indonesia has ratified it 2 years after that through the issue of Act Number 6 year of 1994. In the year 1997 at the conference of parties in Kyotso (Japan), signed the Kyoto Protocol 1999 as implementation of UNFCCC. However until today this protocol neither been enforced yet nor has it been ratified by the Indonesian Government.An lnternational agreement that was signed by the government of Indonesia, has not been implemented directly as it has to pass a ratification process. After being ratified some effort would taken to implement it by the establishment of implementing institution as well as law enforcement of the regulations.However some international agreement which has not been implemented are still anticipating time process of ratification. That anticipation could be a preparation of institution, human resources and regulations hence the two aspects still need the preparations process.In effort to make the international agreement implementation and anticipation for ratification work better, It needs a description of knowledge and attitude of the stakeholders with authority to implement this lnternational agreement. This description is very important because it gives information about the ratification achievement and the before ratification of an international agreement. Therefore this research is aimed to enlist the regulations, institutions and human resources with United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 and Anticipation of Kyoto Protocol 1997.This research is a non-experimental research in which both quantitative and qualitative method is used analytical description. According to this research type, it is considered as an explorative research and its development. The respondents are from some stakeholders groups that deal with climate change problem in DKI Jakarta. The respondents were chosen from the government institution, NGO, businessmen or business association and expert in climate change problems.Aim of this research is to find out the relationship between stakeholders knowledge on climate change convention and stakeholders attitude toward climate change convention. Knowledge on climate change convention in this research are UNFCCC 1992 and Kyoto Protocol 1997. The attitude that was examined are attitude toward implementation of UNFCCC 1992 and anticipation of Kyoto protocol 1997.Survey in respondents knowledge about UNFCCC showed that 85,7 % of the thirty five respondents know about the existence of UNFCCC, while 14,3 % did not. From the 35 respondent only 42,9 % of them know that Indonesia has ratified it, while 57,1 % of them did not know about this ratification. The Act No. 6 in the year 1994 was issued as a result of the ratification UNFCCC only know by 48,6 % of respondents, while more than a half or 51,4 % did not know about this regulation.For the Kyoto Protocol 1997 knowledge, most of respondents (94,3 %) know about Kyoto Protocol, while 5,7 % did not. The respondents attitude survey from 94,3 % of respondent who know Kyoto Protocol showed that 88,6 % strongly agree if Indonesia ratified the Kyoto Protocol 1997, the remaining 5,7 % of respondent agree. The respondents attitude survey from 5,7 % respondents who did know Kyoto Protocol were not sure about ratification of respondents who was not sure argued that we should consider the situation and its development in national and international conditions.This research also revealed that there is a relationship between knowledge and attitude of the stakeholders concerning to the implementation of lnternational agreement in climate change sector. The implementation of international agreement would not proceed well due to factors like lack of regulations, institution and human resources, the knowledge and attitude of the stakeholders are equally important points to consider.From the results obtained it can be concluded that :a. The Indonesian government has already has some regulations concerning the implementation of lnternational agreement on climate change.b. There are some stakeholders to deal with the implementation of international agreement on climate change.c. The human resources especially the administrator of stakeholders that implement international agreement are very limited number.Recommendation for the implementation of international agreement on climate change are:a. The necessity to constitute the regulation of lmplementation according to 1994 Act Number 6 on Ratification of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It also need to be supported by the ratification plan of Kyoto Protocolb. The necessity to socialize the climate change convention 1992 and Kyoto Protocol 1997. It also need to develop good information and communication related to some new problems that can emerge from the convention and its protocol.c. The need for strong coordination between stakeholders in implementation of international agreements on climate change.d. The necessity to increase capacity building including institution and human resources.e. The need for learning of new issues and mechanism in UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.f. The need of action no mitigate of green house gasses."

"Presents a range of options for international climate policy. Highly topical analysis of the debate over possible successors to the Kyoto agreement.This book addresses the need to design a post-2012 international climate change policy architecture and presents six proposals for successors to the Kyoto Protocol. Some of these proposals build on the foundation established by the Kyoto agreement, while others focus on the need for developing an entirely new policy infrastructure. Commentaries provide critical reviews of the policy designs and political questions raised by the proposals."

"This work offers a synthesis of the current approaches toward an integration of international trade and climate change, with a view to fostering potential improvements in policies and institutions affecting these. A number of pragmatic measures are proposed with reference to the WTO and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) regimes, which are expected to contribute toward enhanced climate change governance, as well as promoting international trade."

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Perubahan iklim merupakan ancaman terbesar bagi kesintasan umat manusia. Sejak perubahan iklim masuk ke dalam pertimbangan kebijakan di tahun 1980an, tanggapan global atas perubahan iklim berupa perjanjian iklim internasional. Di balik negosiasi perjanjian iklim internasional, pengurangan emisi dan komitmen untuk berubah selalu tidak memadai atau tidak mencukupi. Proses pembingkaian perjanjian iklim internasional sarat akan pertikaian, dominasi dan marginalisasi narasi yang bergantung pada kekuatan struktural dan material aktor-aktor negosiator. Dengan itu, tesis ini mempertanyakan gagasan dominan yang terbentuk dalam sebuah diskursus dan melandasi ketidakcukupan dalam penanganan perubahan iklim, khususnya kemudian bagaimana diskursus tersebut memengaruhi pembentukan perjanjian iklim. Melalui metode analisis diskursus yang dipandu oleh pendekatan Gramsci, dikemukakan bahwa ada dominasi gagasan yang melenceng dari isu perubahan iklim itu sendiri.

 

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Climate change represents the single greatest threat to humanities survival. Ever since it`s entrance into the policy dialogue in the 1980s, global response to climate change has been in the form of international climate agreements. Behind the negotiations on international climate change agreements, emissions reductions and commitments to change have always been inadequate. The process of developing international climate agreements are faced with conflicts, domination and marginalization of narrations which are dependent upon the structural and material powers of the negotiating actors. That being said, this thesis questions the dominating ideas formed within a discourse and becomes the underlying basis driving inadequacies in climate change response, specifically how said discourses influence the development of international climate agreements. Through a discourse analysis method guided by a Gramscian approach, this thesis finds a dominant idea that deflects from the issue of climate change itself.

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"Dibentuknya Perjanjian Paris menjadi katalis bagi negara-negara di kawasan Asia dan Eropa untuk meminimalisasi emisi karbon dengan mengadopsi keuangan hijau, dimana salah satu instrumen dalam hal tersebut adalah kredit hijau. Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh pembiayaan melalui kredit hijau terhadap risiko kredit instansi perbankan di kawasan Asia dan Eropa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang menggunakan model fixed effect dan random effect untuk mengolah data panel yang dikumpulkan dari instansi-instansi perbankan di 14 negara kawasan Asia dan Eropa pada periode waktu 3 tahun (2019 – 2021). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembiayaan melalui kredit hijau memiliki dampak tidak signifikan dan negatif terhadap risiko kredit untuk instansi perbankan di kawasan Eropa. Sementara itu, pembiayaan melalui kredit hijau ditemukan berdampak signifikan dan negatif terhadap risiko kredit untuk isntansi perbankan di kawasan Asia.

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The Paris Agreement became a catalyst for countries in Asia and Europe to minimize carbon emissions by adopting green finance, where green credit is one of the instruments in this regard. This study discusses the effect of financing through green credit on the credit risk of banks in Asia and Europe. This research is a quantitative study that uses both fixed and random effect models to process panel data collected from banking institutions in 14 countries in Asia and Europe over a period of 3 years (2019 – 2021). The result of the study shows that financing through green credit has an insignificant and negative impact on credit risk for banks in Europe. Meanwhile, green credit proves to have significant and negative impact on credit risk for banks in Asia."

"Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh variabel iklim terhadap hasil dan risiko produksi padi di delapan sentra produksi padi Indonesia dalam kurun waktu 30 tahun (1982-2011). Fungsi produksi stokastik model Just-Pope dengan analisis data panel digunakan untuk mengukur pengaruh variabel iklim terhadap hasil dan risiko produksi padi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu dan curah hujan mempengaruhi hasil padi di daerah sentra. Curah hujan termasuk faktor yang meningkatkan risiko, sedangkan suhu tidak berpengaruh terhadap risiko. Pengaruh perubahan iklim terhadap hasil dan risiko produksi padi di daerah Jawa relatif lebih rendah dibanding luar Jawa.

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This study examines the impacts of climate variables on rice yield and production risk from eight main provinces of rice producers in Indonesia, over a period of 30 years (1982-2011). Stochastic production function Just-Pope model with panel data analysis is used to estimate the effect of climate variables on rice yield and production risk. Data analysis shows that temperature and precipitation affect the mean crop yield. Precipitation is risk increasing factor, while temperature is not significant. Effect of climate change on rice yield and production risk is relatively low in Java region than other regions."

"Climate change poses major socio-economic, technical and environmental challenges which will have serious impacts on countries' pathways towards sustainable development. As a result, climate change and sustainable development have increasingly become interlinked. A changing climate makes achieving Millennium Development Goals more difficult and expensive, so there is every reason to achieve development goals with low greenhouse gas emissions. This leads to the following five challenges discussed by Challenges and solutions for climate change : to place climate negotiations in the wider context of sustainability, equity and social change so that development benefits can be maximised at the same time as decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. To select technologies or measures for climate change mitigation andadaptation based on countries' sustainabledevelopment and climate goals. To create low greenhouse gas emission and climate resilient strategies and action plans in order to accelerate innovation for sustainable development and climate goals on the scale and timescale required within countries. To rationalize the current directions in international climate policy making in order to provide coherent and efficient support to developing countries in devising and implementing strategies and action plans for low emission technology transfers to deliver climate and sustainable development goals. To facilitate development of an international framework for financial resources in order to support technology development and transfer, improve enabling environments for innovation, address equity issues such as poor people's energy access, and make implementation of activities possible at the desired scale within the country. The solutions presented in Challenges and Solutions for Climate Change show how ambitious measures can be undertaken which are fully in line with domestic interests, both in developing and in developed countries, and how these measures can be supported through the international mechanisms. "

"In this excellent book, Dr Yamaguchi has assembled experts to guide the redesign of global policy. The authors underscore how global warming efforts must resonate with other policy goals. ?Climate change mitigation clarifies that climate change cannot be controlled by sacrificing economic growth or other global problems, however, action to control climate change cannot be delayed. Climate policy is pervasive and affects all dimensions of international policy;but it cannot be too ambitious : a balanced approach between mitigation and adaptation, economic growth and resource management, and short term development and long term investments, should be adopted. "

"Tulisan ini hendak berargumen bahwa Amerika Serikat mempunyai pengaruh mendalam dalam konvensi perubahan iklim Protokol Kyoto. Melalui Productive power, Amerika Serikat mampu terlibat dalam setiap keputusan yang dihasilkan dalam konvensi ini. Selain itu productive power Amerika Serikat juga mampu mengkontrol segala bentuk aturan dan mekanisme yang berjalan di dalam onvensi termasuk rezim yang berlangsung. Rezim perubahan iklim yang belangsung dewasa ini mempunyai kekurangan sehingga mengakibatkan ketidakefettifan proses konvensi.

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This paper will argue that productive power of United States has deeper influence on the climate changes convention of Kyoto Protocol. Through productive power, United States could insist in every decision of the convention. Besides, productive power of United States also could control every single rules and mechanism which happen on the convention, include the regime which exist. As we know that climate change regime which happens today has its weakness so that it has impact to the infectivity of the convention process."