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"Latar Belakang: Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) merupakan sendi kompleks dari tubuh manusia yang memiliki peranan penting dalam proses pengunyahan, penelanan dan pengucapan. Salah satu pemeriksaan radiografik yang dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kondisi TMJ adalah Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) karena pencitraan ini dapat menampilkan gambaran rekonstruksi tiga dimensi yang lebih reliabel dan akurat dengan waktu pemindaian akuisisi lebih singkat, sehingga dosis radiasi pada pasien lebih rendah dan biaya pemeriksaan yang lebih rendah. Kemampuan software CBCT memegang peranan penting dalam menganalisa sebuah gambaran CBCT. Ada beberapa macam software yang tersedia yaitu open-source software dan commercial software. Beberapa penelitian tentang kemampuan open-source software untuk kasus TMJ telah dilakukan namun jumlahnya masih sangat terbatas, namun belum ada penelitian yang membandingkan performa open-source software terhadap commercial software dalam melakukan pengukuran ruang sendi TMJ.Tujuan: Menganalisis hasil pengukuran open-source software dengan commercial software dalam mengevaluasi TMJ pada gambaran CBCT. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa 5 data set file DICOM CBCT dari pasien yang datang ke Klinik Radiologi Kedokteran Gigi RSKGM FKG UI. Pengukuran ruang sendi TMJ menggunakan software yang berbeda dilakukan menggunakan titik referensi yang telah ditentukan sesuai definisi operasional. Software yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu Horos, IITK-Snap dan CS 3D dental imaging software. Hasil: Uji reabililitas yang digunakan adalah Technical Error of Measurement (TEM) oleh Dahlberg dengan hasil pengukuran oleh intra- dan interobserver < 1 mm, yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kesesuaian antar observer dan menunjukkan reabilitas penggunaan Horos, ITK-Snap, dan CS 3D Dental Imaging software dalam mengukur ruang sendi TMJ. Hasil uji statistik perbandingan hasil pengukuran Horos, ITK-Snap dengan CS 3D imaging menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p > 0.05), dengan nilai Mean of Error pada pengukuran dengan menggunakan Horos dibandingkan CS 3D yaitu 5.57 % - 25.7%, dan nilai Mean of error pada pengukuran dengan menggunakan ITK-Snap dibandingkan CS 3D yaitu 2.76%-24.53%. Nilai CoV pada pengukuran menggunakan Horos dibandingkan CS 3D yaitu minimal 2% - 24.5%. Nilai CoV pada pengukuran menggunakan ITK-Snap dibandingkan CS 3D sebesar 2% - 34.5%. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini dapat memberikan informasi awal tentang reabilitas dan akurasi antara Open-source software Horos dan ITK-Snap dibandingkan dengan Commercial software CS 3D Dental Imaging software dalam melakukan pengukuran ruang sendi TMJ. Meskipun tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada pengukuran yang menggunakan Horos, ITK-Snap dibandingkan dengan CS 3D Dental Imaging software. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa akurasi pengukuran menggunakan ITK-Snap lebih tinggi daripada Horos, walaupun nilai keandalan ITK-Snap masih lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan Horos.

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Background: Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) is a complex joint of the human body which has an important role in the processes of mastication, swallowing and pronunciation. One of the radiographic examinations that can be used to evaluate TMJ conditions is Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) because this imaging can display a more reliable and accurate three-dimensional reconstruction image with shorter scan acquisition time, resulting in lower radiation dose to patients and examination costs. lower. The capabilities of the CBCT software play an important role in analyzing a CBCT image. There are several kinds of software are available for CBCT such as open-source and commercial software. Several studies on the ability of open-source software for TMJ cases have been carried out but the number is still very limited, but there has been no research comparing the performance of open-source software to commercial software in measuring the TMJ joint space. Objective: To analyze the measurement of open-source software with commercial software to evaluate the TMJ on CBCT images. Methods: This study used 5 DICOM CBCT file data sets from patients who came to the Dentomaxillofacial Radiology Clinic RSKGM FKG UI. TMJ joint space measurements using different software are carried out using predetermined reference points according to operational definitions. The software used in this study are Horos, IITK-Snap and CS 3D dental imaging software. Results: The reliability test used was Dahlberg's Technical Error of Measurement (TEM) with intra- and interobserver measurement results of <1 mm, which indicated that there was compatibility between observers and demonstrated the reliability of using Horos, ITK-Snap, and CS 3D Dental Imaging software in measuring the TMJ joint space. Statistical test results for comparison of Horos, ITK-Snap and CS 3D imaging measurements showed no significant difference (p > 0.05), the Mean of Error in measurements using Horos compared to CS 3D was 5.57% - 25.7%, and the Mean of error in measurements using ITK-Snap compared to CS 3D was 2.76% -24.53%. The CoV value in measurements using Horos compared to CS 3D is at least 2% - 24.5%. The CoV value in measurements using ITK-Snap compared to CS 3D is 2% - 34.5%. Conclusion: This study shows initial information about the reliability and accuracy between Open-source software Horos and ITK-Snap compared to Commercial software CS 3D Dental Imaging software in measuring the TMJ joint space. Although there was no significant difference in measurements using Horos, ITK-Snap was compared with CS 3D Dental Imaging software. This study shows that the measurement accuracy using ITK-Snap is higher than Horos, although the reliability value of ITK-Snap is still lower than that of Horos."

"Compared with traditional surgical procedures, wrist arthroscopy reduces the risk to patients and hastens recovery. Nevertheless, in many ways wrist arthroscopy is still in its infancy, and its indications continue to evolve. This book is devoted to the optimal use of arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of wrist pathologies that give rise to ulnar pain. The correct procedure in a wide variety of settings is carefully explained in step-by-step fashion with the help of numerous detailed illustrations. "

"Latar Belakang: Gangguan sendi temporomandibular (TMJD) merupakan penyebab utama nyeri non-odontogenik di regio oro-fasial. Diagnosis dini dari TMJD penting dilakukan, namun kesadaran diri akan TMJD masih terbilang rendah. TMJD juga terjadi pada mahasiswa kedokteran gigi dengan persentase yang cukup tinggi, hal ini dapat dikaitkan dengan kurangnya kesadaran dan pengetahuan. Tujuan: mengetahui sejauh mana pengetahuan dan kesadaran diri akan tanda dan gejala TMJD pada mahasiswa FKG UI dan melihat hubungan antara keduanya. Metode: Studi deskriptif potong lintang pada 617 mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia menggunakan kuesioner pengetahuan, dan tanda dan gejala TMJD yang pernah digunakan dalam penelitian terdahulu di India. Hasil: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan tingkat kesadaran diri akan tanda dan gejala TMJD. Namun terdapat korelasi positif antara angkatan dengan tingkat pengetahuan dan korelasi negatif antara angkatan dengan tingkat kesadaran diri. Tingkat pengetahuan dan kesadaran diri mayoritas mahasiswa tergolong sedang serta tanda dan gejala yang paling banyak pernah dirasakan oleh mahasiswa yaitu pengalaman mendengar suara dari TMJ saat membuka atau menutup mulut. Kesimpulan: Semakin tinggi angkatan mahasiswa maka tingkat pengetahuan TMJD akan meningkat namun, tingkat kesadaran diri akan tanda dan gejala TMJD justru menurun.

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Background: Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJD) is the main cause of non-odontogenic pain in oro-facial region. Early diagnosis of TMJD urge to be done, however the self-awareness of TMJD is usually low. TMJD also occurred among dentistry students with significant percentage, this could be associated with the lack of awareness and knowledge. Objective: To understand the level of knowledge and self-awareness regarding the sign and symptoms of TMJD and its relations of the dentistry student in University of Indonesia. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional was applied to 617 students using adapted questionnaire concerning knowledge, sign and symptoms of TMJD used by a similar study in India. Results: There is no association between knowledge level and self-awareness regarding the sign and symptoms of TMJD level. There is a positive correlation between student’s grade and the level of knowledge, however negative correlation appears between student’s grade and the level of self-awareness. The knowledge and self-awareness level among majority of students are moderate. The major sign and symptoms that mostly have ever felt by students is experiencing of noises within TMJ while opening or closing the jaw. Conclusion: Higher student’s grade tends to have higher TMJD knowledge level but lower TMJD sign and symptoms self-awareness level."

"Gangguan sendi temporomandibula (GSTM) adalah gangguan otot dan kelainan artikular dalam fungsi komponen otot dan / atau sistem artikular yang disertai dengan tanda dan gejala klinis yang sangat bervariasi. Adanya riwayat GSTM dapat menjadi pertimbangan dalam rencana perawatan ortodonti. Tidak semua menyadari bahwa mereka memiliki GSTM yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh maloklusi, sehingga mereka datang hanya ke klinik Ortodonti hanya untuk perbaikan maloklusi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengetahui proporsi dan distribusi demografi pasien dengan GSTM termasuk maloklusi (hubungan rahang, overjet, overbite, hubungan molar dan kaninus) dan sudut parameter vertikal pada sefalometri lateral di klinik spesialis ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI. (2) Mengetahui hubungan GSTM dengan maloklusi serta hubungan GSTM dengan sudut parameter skeletal. Studi deskriptif dengan desain penelitian potong lintang pada pasien tahun kunjungan 2013-2018 yang memiliki GSTM pada anamnesis dan/atau pemeriksaan fungsional. Digunakan analisis univariat menggunakan SPSS 23 untuk menggambarkan distribusi dan analisis korelasi untuk menggambarkan hubungan. Didapatkan 98 status pasien yang mengalami GSTM. Ditemukan lebih banyak pasien perempuan daripada laki-laki dengan usia rata-rata 24,8 tahun dan kebanyakan berprofesi sebagai karyawan swasta. Gejala GSTM yang paling sering ditemukan adalah deviasi pergerakan mandibula dan clicking. Terdapat hubungan antara GSTM dengan maloklusi skeletal kelas II dan hubungan kaninus kelas III.

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Temporomandibular joint disorders (GSTM) are muscle disorders and articular abnormalities in the function of the components of the muscle and/or articular system accompanied by highly variable clinical signs and symptoms. The presence of a history of GSTM can be considered in the orthodontic treatment plan. Not all are aware that they have GSTM, one of which is caused by malocclusion, so they come only to the Orthodontic clinic only to repair the malocclusion. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the proportion and demographic distribution of patients with GSTM including malocclusion (jaw relationship, overjet, overbite, molar and canine relationship) and vertical angle parameters on lateral cephalometry at the orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGM FKG UI. (2) Knowing the relationship between GSTM and malocclusion and the relationship between GSTM and the parameter angle skeletal. Descriptive study with a cross-sectional design on patients in the 2013-2018 visit year who had GSTM on history and/or functional examination. Univariate analysis was used using SPSS 23 to describe the distribution and correlation analysis to describe the relationship. There were 98 patients who had GSTM status. There were more female than male patients with a mean age of 24.8 years and Most of them work as private employees. The most common symptoms of GSTM are deviation of mandibular movement and clicking. There is a relationship between GSTM with skeletal malocclusion class II and class III canine relationship."

"Objectives: (1) To assess the masticatory muscles activity in patients with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) before orthodontic treatment, (2) to determine the correlation between TMD and the masticatory muscles activity (masseter muscles and anterior temporalis muscles). Methods: Twenty-two patients with malocclusion before undergoing orthodontic treatment (8 males, 14 females; mean age of 26,78 ± 4.34 years) were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: 11 patients with TMD and 11 patients without TMD (Non- TMD). The masticatory muscles were evaluated using standardized electromyography during 5 seconds of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) through cotton-roll biting. For statistical analysis, the root mean square (RMS) valueof masticatory muscles was calculated and compared between the two groups. Results: The TMD groups showed alower electromyographic activity than the non- TMD group during MVC, with no significant differences in the right and left masticatory muscles between these groups. A weak negative correlation and no statistically significant differences were found between TMD and the electromyography activity of masseter muscles. Conclusions: Patients with TMD had a lower electromyographic activity in the masticatory muscles than those without TMD. Thus, electromyography can be an objective parameter to assess muscles activity for TMDdiagnosis.

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Objectives: (1) To assess the masticatory muscles activity in patients with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) before orthodontic treatment, (2) to determine the correlation between TMD and the masticatory muscles activity (masseter muscles and anterior temporalis muscles). Methods: Twenty-two patients with malocclusion before undergoing orthodontic treatment (8 males, 14 females; mean age of 26,78 ± 4.34 years) were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: 11 patients with TMD and 11 patients without TMD (Non- TMD). The masticatory muscles were evaluated using standardized electromyography during 5 seconds of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) through cotton-roll biting. For statistical analysis, the root mean square (RMS) valueof masticatory muscles was calculated and compared between the two groups. Results: The TMD groups showed alower electromyographic activity than the non- TMD group during MVC, with no significant differences in the right and left masticatory muscles between these groups. A weak negative correlation and no statistically significant differences were found between TMD and the electromyography activity of masseter muscles. Conclusions: Patients with TMD had a lower electromyographic activity in the masticatory muscles than those without TMD. Thus, electromyography can be an objective parameter to assess muscles activity for TMDdiagnosis."

"Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh gangguan sendi temporomandibula terhadap aktivitasotot mastikasi. Metode penelitian: Subjek merupakan pasien dengan tipe wajahdolichofacial berusia 15 - 35 tahun yang belum melakukan perawatan ortodonti, yaitu 11dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula dan 11 tanpa gangguan senditemporomandibula sebagai kontrol. Pemeriksaan elektromiografi pada otot masseter dantemporalis anterior dilakukan dengan menginstruksikan pasien menggigit cotton rollsselama 5 detik. Perhitungan Root Mean Square dari pemeriksaan EMG masing-masingotot dibandingkan dengan uji T tidak berpasangan dan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil:Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara akticvitas otot kanan masseter, kiri masseter,dan kanan temporalis anterior pada pasien maloklusi dengan dan tanpa gangguan senditemporomandibula yang memiliki tipe wajah dolichofacial. Terdapat korelasi negatifantara otot mastikasi tersebut dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula. Kesimpulan:Pasien dolichofacial dengan gangguan sendi temporomandibula memiliki aktivitas ototmasseter dan otot temporalis anterior yang lebih lemah jika dibandingkan dengan pasientanpa gangguan sendi temporomandibula

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Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the influence of temporomandibular joint

disorder (TMD) on surface electromyography activity in the masticatory muscles.

Methods: Dolichofacial patients (n = 22) aged 15 to 35 years were examined: 11 with

TMD and 11 control subjects without TMD. A standardized surface electromyography

recording was performed on the masticatory muscle during 5 s of maximum voluntary

clenching on cotton rolls. The root mean square value of each muscle was calculated and

analyzed for differences using an unpaired Student’s t-test. Spearman’s correlation

coefficients (r) were calculated for the determination of correlations between TMD and

root mean square values. Results: Surface electromyography revealed significant

differences in the right temporal, right and left masseter during maximum voluntary

clenching. Both sides of the masseter and right temporal also showed a negative

correlation with TMD. During maximum voluntary clenching, TMD patients had

relatively lower elevator muscle activity. Conclusions: Electromyographic activities in

the masseter muscles were lower in dolichofacial patients with TMD than non-TMD

controls. Surface electromyography of masticatory muscles may assist the clinical

assessment of TMD patients."