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"Sejak tahun 2000 jumlah penderita HIV/AIDS di Indonesia meningkat tajam, terutama pada pecandu narkotika suntik. Terapi antiretroviral yang terbukti dapat menurunkan mortalitas dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien, diberikan berdasarkan kondisi klinis, jumlah sel limfosit CD4 dan kadar virus dalam darah. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar CD4 dan kadar virus pada 71 pasien HIV asimptomatik yang merupakan pecandu narkotika suntik untuk melihat apakah kadar CD4 berkorelasi dengan kadar virus HIV. Kadar CD4 diperiksa dengan metode imunofluoresensi indirek menggunakan antibodi monoklonal dan kadar virus menggunakan teknik PCR. Pemeriksaan hitung virus dilakukan pada 56 pasien yang mempunyai kadar CD4 lebih dari 200 sel/mm3 (x = 473 + 180,6). Sebanyak 30 orang (55,4%) mempunyai kadar virus dalam darah lebih dari 55.000 kopi/ml dan 35,7% kadar virusnya 5.000-55.000 kopi/ml. Korelasi antara kadar CD4 dengan kadar virus dalam darah memberi nilai r: 0,194. Disimpulkan bahwa pada pecandu narkotika kadar CD4 tidak berkorelasi dengan kadar HIV sehingga pemberian antiretroviral sebaiknya didasarkan pada kadar HIV dalam darah. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 143-7)

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Since the year 2000 there has been a steep increased in the number of HIV/AIDS patients in Indonesia , coming mostly from intravenous drug users. Antiretroviral treatment has been proved to decrease mortality and increase quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients. The treatment is given according to clinical condition of the patients, number of CD4 and viral load. In this study, CD4 and viral load were examined in 71 asymptomatic HIV patients originated from injecting-drug users. CD4 counting was performed by indirect immunoflouresence method using monoclonal antibody, and viral load was tested using PCR technique. Among 56 patients who has the number of CD4 more than 200/mm3, 30 patients (55,4 %) has viral load more than 55,000 copies/ml and 35,7% has viral load 5,000-55,000 copies/ml. Correlation between the number of CD 4 and viral load gave the r value of 0,194. It is concluded that there is no association between the number of CD 4 and viral load in drug user HIV/AIDS patients. The treatment of HIV/AIDS for these patients should be given according to the viral load. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 143-7)"

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Kesinambungan berobat memiliki peran penting dalamkeberhasilan tatalaksana pasien HIV. Hingga saat ini, belum dilakukan penelitianuntuk melihat proporsi pasien yang masih tetap berobat di UPT HIV RSCMmaupun profil dari pasien-pasien tersebut. Tujuan: Mengetahui proporsi dan profil pasien yang masih tetap berobat di UPTHIV RSCM. Metode: Studi dengan metode potong lintang pada pasien HIV yang baruterdiagnosis dan berobat di UPT HIV RSUPNCM dalam periode Januari 2004 -Desember 2013. Data diperoleh melalui ekstraksi data sekunder yang berasal darirekam medik. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap pasien HIV yang berusia diatas 18tahun dan belum menjalani terapi ARV. Pasien yang tetap berobat sampai akhir2014 didefinisikan sebagai pasien yang tetap kontrol ke poliklinik sejak awal pasiendatang ke UPT HIV hingga minimal tiga bulan sebelum akhir Desember 2014. Hasil: Sebanyak 4949 subjek diikutkan dalam penelitian ini. Didapatkan proporsipasien yang tetap berobat sampai akhir 2014 adalah 23% (1136 subjek). Selain itu,subjek dengan jenis kelamin wanita (26,6%), berusia ≥35 tahun (usia 35-44 tahunsebesar 25,5% dan ≥45 tahun sebesar 35,5%), pendidikan terakhir diatas SMU(26,8%), menikah/dengan pasangan (25%), beralamat di Bodetabek (26,1%),stadium klinis IV (28,3%), memiliki angka CD4 awal 201-350 sel/mm3 (35%), danbukan penasun (28%) adalah subjek terbanyak yang tetap berobat sampai akhir2014. Simpulan: Proporsi pasien yang tetap berobat sampai akhir 2014 adalah 23% (1136subjek). Selain itu, pasien dengan jenis kelamin wanita, berusia ≥35 tahun,pendidikan terakhir diatas SMU, menikah/tinggal dengan pasangan, beralamat diBodetabek, stadium klinis IV, memiliki angka CD4 awal 201-350 sel/mm3, danbukan penasun merupakan kelompok subjek terbanyak yang tetap berobat sampai akhir 2014.ABSTRACT Background: Continued medical treatment serves an important role in thesuccessful management of patients with HIV. Until this present day, there has neverbeen any research which seeks to examine the proportion of patients who continuetheir medical treatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit of National Central GeneralHospital Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSUPNCM) and the profiles of those patients.Objectives: To discover the proportion and to generate the profiles of patients whocontinued their medical treatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit, RSUPNCM.Methods: This research was conducted by applying the cross-sectional method onpatients who were diagnosed with HIV and were subsequently undergoing medicaltreatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit, RSUPNCM, during the period of January2004 to December 2013. Data were obtained by extracting secondary data in theform of medical records. The subjects of the research are HIV patients who aremore than 18 years of age and have not undergone anti-retroviral (ARV) treatments.Patients who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014 are defined aspatients who have undergone medical treatment at the polyclinic starting from theirfirst visit to HIV Integrated Service Unit until at least three months prior to the endof December 2014.Results: As many as 4949 subjects participated in this research. We found that theproportion of patients who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014is 23% (1136 subjects). In addition to that, we also found that female subjects(26.6%) who are ≥35 years of age (25.5% for those between 35 and 44 years of ageand 35.5% for those ≥45 years of age); whose education is higher than Senior HighSchool level (26.8%); who have married or live with their respective partners(25%); who reside in Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, or Bekasi areas (26.1%); who havereached clinical stage IV (28.3%); whose initial CD4 count is 201?350 cells/mm3(35%); and who are not injecting drug users (IDUs) (28%) constitute the largestgroup of subjects who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014.Conclusion: The proportion of patients who continued their medical treatment untilthe end of 2014 is 23% (1136 subjects). In addition to that, female patients who are≥35 years of age; whose education is higher than Senior High School level; whohave married or live with their respective partners; who reside in Bogor, Depok,Tangerang, or Bekasi areas; who have reached clinical stage IV (28.3%); whoseinitial CD4 count is 201?350 cells/mm3, and who are not injecting drug users(IDUs) constitute the largest group of subjects who continued their medicaltreatment until the end of 2014.;Background: Continued medical treatment serves an important role in thesuccessful management of patients with HIV. Until this present day, there has neverbeen any research which seeks to examine the proportion of patients who continuetheir medical treatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit of National Central GeneralHospital Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSUPNCM) and the profiles of those patients.Objectives: To discover the proportion and to generate the profiles of patients whocontinued their medical treatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit, RSUPNCM.Methods: This research was conducted by applying the cross-sectional method onpatients who were diagnosed with HIV and were subsequently undergoing medicaltreatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit, RSUPNCM, during the period of January2004 to December 2013. Data were obtained by extracting secondary data in theform of medical records. The subjects of the research are HIV patients who aremore than 18 years of age and have not undergone anti-retroviral (ARV) treatments.Patients who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014 are defined aspatients who have undergone medical treatment at the polyclinic starting from theirfirst visit to HIV Integrated Service Unit until at least three months prior to the endof December 2014.Results: As many as 4949 subjects participated in this research. We found that theproportion of patients who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014is 23% (1136 subjects). In addition to that, we also found that female subjects(26.6%) who are ≥35 years of age (25.5% for those between 35 and 44 years of ageand 35.5% for those ≥45 years of age); whose education is higher than Senior HighSchool level (26.8%); who have married or live with their respective partners(25%); who reside in Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, or Bekasi areas (26.1%); who havereached clinical stage IV (28.3%); whose initial CD4 count is 201?350 cells/mm3(35%); and who are not injecting drug users (IDUs) (28%) constitute the largestgroup of subjects who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014.Conclusion: The proportion of patients who continued their medical treatment untilthe end of 2014 is 23% (1136 subjects). In addition to that, female patients who are≥35 years of age; whose education is higher than Senior High School level; whohave married or live with their respective partners; who reside in Bogor, Depok,Tangerang, or Bekasi areas; who have reached clinical stage IV (28.3%); whoseinitial CD4 count is 201?350 cells/mm3, and who are not injecting drug users(IDUs) constitute the largest group of subjects who continued their medicaltreatment until the end of 2014.;Background: Continued medical treatment serves an important role in thesuccessful management of patients with HIV. Until this present day, there has neverbeen any research which seeks to examine the proportion of patients who continuetheir medical treatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit of National Central GeneralHospital Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSUPNCM) and the profiles of those patients.Objectives: To discover the proportion and to generate the profiles of patients whocontinued their medical treatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit, RSUPNCM.Methods: This research was conducted by applying the cross-sectional method onpatients who were diagnosed with HIV and were subsequently undergoing medicaltreatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit, RSUPNCM, during the period of January2004 to December 2013. Data were obtained by extracting secondary data in theform of medical records. The subjects of the research are HIV patients who aremore than 18 years of age and have not undergone anti-retroviral (ARV) treatments.Patients who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014 are defined aspatients who have undergone medical treatment at the polyclinic starting from theirfirst visit to HIV Integrated Service Unit until at least three months prior to the endof December 2014.Results: As many as 4949 subjects participated in this research. We found that theproportion of patients who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014is 23% (1136 subjects). In addition to that, we also found that female subjects(26.6%) who are ≥35 years of age (25.5% for those between 35 and 44 years of ageand 35.5% for those ≥45 years of age); whose education is higher than Senior HighSchool level (26.8%); who have married or live with their respective partners(25%); who reside in Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, or Bekasi areas (26.1%); who havereached clinical stage IV (28.3%); whose initial CD4 count is 201?350 cells/mm3(35%); and who are not injecting drug users (IDUs) (28%) constitute the largestgroup of subjects who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014.Conclusion: The proportion of patients who continued their medical treatment untilthe end of 2014 is 23% (1136 subjects). In addition to that, female patients who are≥35 years of age; whose education is higher than Senior High School level; whohave married or live with their respective partners; who reside in Bogor, Depok,Tangerang, or Bekasi areas; who have reached clinical stage IV (28.3%); whoseinitial CD4 count is 201?350 cells/mm3, and who are not injecting drug users(IDUs) constitute the largest group of subjects who continued their medicaltreatment until the end of 2014.;Background: Continued medical treatment serves an important role in thesuccessful management of patients with HIV. Until this present day, there has neverbeen any research which seeks to examine the proportion of patients who continuetheir medical treatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit of National Central GeneralHospital Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSUPNCM) and the profiles of those patients.Objectives: To discover the proportion and to generate the profiles of patients whocontinued their medical treatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit, RSUPNCM.Methods: This research was conducted by applying the cross-sectional method onpatients who were diagnosed with HIV and were subsequently undergoing medicaltreatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit, RSUPNCM, during the period of January2004 to December 2013. Data were obtained by extracting secondary data in theform of medical records. The subjects of the research are HIV patients who aremore than 18 years of age and have not undergone anti-retroviral (ARV) treatments.Patients who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014 are defined aspatients who have undergone medical treatment at the polyclinic starting from theirfirst visit to HIV Integrated Service Unit until at least three months prior to the endof December 2014.Results: As many as 4949 subjects participated in this research. We found that theproportion of patients who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014is 23% (1136 subjects). In addition to that, we also found that female subjects(26.6%) who are ≥35 years of age (25.5% for those between 35 and 44 years of ageand 35.5% for those ≥45 years of age); whose education is higher than Senior HighSchool level (26.8%); who have married or live with their respective partners(25%); who reside in Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, or Bekasi areas (26.1%); who havereached clinical stage IV (28.3%); whose initial CD4 count is 201?350 cells/mm3(35%); and who are not injecting drug users (IDUs) (28%) constitute the largestgroup of subjects who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014.Conclusion: The proportion of patients who continued their medical treatment untilthe end of 2014 is 23% (1136 subjects). In addition to that, female patients who are≥35 years of age; whose education is higher than Senior High School level; whohave married or live with their respective partners; who reside in Bogor, Depok,Tangerang, or Bekasi areas; who have reached clinical stage IV (28.3%); whoseinitial CD4 count is 201?350 cells/mm3, and who are not injecting drug users(IDUs) constitute the largest group of subjects who continued their medicaltreatment until the end of 2014.;Background: Continued medical treatment serves an important role in thesuccessful management of patients with HIV. Until this present day, there has neverbeen any research which seeks to examine the proportion of patients who continuetheir medical treatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit of National Central GeneralHospital Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSUPNCM) and the profiles of those patients.Objectives: To discover the proportion and to generate the profiles of patients whocontinued their medical treatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit, RSUPNCM.Methods: This research was conducted by applying the cross-sectional method onpatients who were diagnosed with HIV and were subsequently undergoing medicaltreatment at HIV Integrated Service Unit, RSUPNCM, during the period of January2004 to December 2013. Data were obtained by extracting secondary data in theform of medical records. The subjects of the research are HIV patients who aremore than 18 years of age and have not undergone anti-retroviral (ARV) treatments.Patients who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014 are defined aspatients who have undergone medical treatment at the polyclinic starting from theirfirst visit to HIV Integrated Service Unit until at least three months prior to the endof December 2014.Results: As many as 4949 subjects participated in this research. We found that theproportion of patients who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014is 23% (1136 subjects). In addition to that, we also found that female subjects(26.6%) who are ≥35 years of age (25.5% for those between 35 and 44 years of ageand 35.5% for those ≥45 years of age); whose education is higher than Senior HighSchool level (26.8%); who have married or live with their respective partners(25%); who reside in Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, or Bekasi areas (26.1%); who havereached clinical stage IV (28.3%); whose initial CD4 count is 201?350 cells/mm3(35%); and who are not injecting drug users (IDUs) (28%) constitute the largestgroup of subjects who continued their medical treatment until the end of 2014.Conclusion: The proportion of patients who continued their medical treatment untilthe end of 2014 is 23% (1136 subjects). In addition to that, female patients who are≥35 years of age; whose education is higher than Senior High School level; whohave married or live with their respective partners; who reside in Bogor, Depok,Tangerang, or Bekasi areas; who have reached clinical stage IV (28.3%); whoseinitial CD4 count is 201?350 cells/mm3, and who are not injecting drug users(IDUs) constitute the largest group of subjects who continued their medicaltreatment until the end of 2014."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan data demografi, faktor risiko, gambaran klinis, infeksi oportunis/ko-infeksi dan perbedaannya pada rumah sakit pemerintah dan swasta. Penelitian retrospektif-deskriptif dilakukan di RSUPN-Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RS pemerintah) dan RS Medistra (RS swasta) di Jakarta. Kriteria inklusi mencakup kasus HIV/AIDS yang dirawat pada tahun 2002-2003, dan hasil serologi HIV positif dengan metode Elisa. Data sekunder didapatkan dari rekam medis. Enam puluh enam subyek diikut-sertakan dalam penelitian (RS pemerintah 30 subyek dan RS swasta 36 subyek), terdiri dari 59 pria (89.4%) dan 7 wanita (10.6%). Tiga puluh tujuh persen subyek didiagnosis HIV dan 62% AIDS. Faktor risiko yang didapat mencakup pengguna narkoba (59.1%), homoseksual (13.6%), heteroseksual (21.1%), transfusi (1.5%) dan perinatal (1.5%). Gejala klinis terutama berupa demam akut (56.2%), penurunan berat badan (39.4%), batuk (38.8%), sesak nafas (27.2%), diare kronik (22.8%), demam berkepanjangan (19.7%), penurunan kesadaran (15.3% dan, anoreksia (15.3%). Perbedaan bermakna antara RS pemerintah dan swasta didapatkan pada keluhan demam dan batuk. Presentasi klinis pasien HIV/AIDS selama perawatan mencakup : pnemonia (56%), oral trush (22.6%), anemia (56.5%), lekopenia (32.3%), limfopenia (55.9%), peningkatan SGOT/SGPT (66.1%), hipoalbuminemia (46.9%), limfadenopati (10.6%), lesi serebral (7.6%), ensefalopati (6.0%), tuberkulosis paru dan efusi pleura (10.6%). Infeksi oportunis dan ko-infeksi mencakup kandidosis (25.8%), hepatitis C kronik (24.2%), hepatitis B dan C kronik (4.5%), tb paru, limfadenitis dan tb milier. Kandidosis dan tb paru lebih sering ditemukan di RS pemerintah. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa manifestasi klinis HIV/AIDS berupa pria/wanita usia muda dengan satu atau lebih faktor risiko, mengalami demam, keluhan pernapasan, penurunan berat badan, diare kronik, lemah, oral trush, anemia, lekopenia, limfopenia. Pasien yang dirawat di RS swasta menunjukkan gejala yang lebih bervariasi sedangkan yang dirawat di RS pemerintah menunjukkan kondisi yang lebih berat dan stadium lebih lanjut. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 232-6)

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The aims of this study is to determine the demographic data, risk factors, clinical presentations, opportunistic/co-infections and its difference between public and private hospitals. A retrospective-descriptive study was conducted in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital (public hospital) and Medistra Hospital (private hospital), Jakarta. The inclusion criteria were new HIV/AIDS cases admitted in year 2002-2003 and positive HIV serology (Elisa method). Secondary data were collected form medical record. Sixty-six subjects were enrolled in this study (public hospital 30 subjects and private hospital 36 subjects), consist of 59 male (89.4%) and 7 female (10.6%). Thirty-seven percent subjects were defined as HIV and 62% AIDS. Risk factors obtained include drug user (59.1%), homosexual (13.6%), heterosexual (21.1%), transfusion (1.5%) and maternal-child (perinatal) (1.5%). The clinical symptoms mainly present as acute fever (56.2%), weight loss (39.4%), cough (38.8%), shortness of breath (27.2%), chronic diarrhea (22.8%), prolong fever (19.7%), loss of conciousness (15.3%), anorexia (15.3%). Significant differences between public and private hospitals were seen in fever and cough symptoms. Clinical presentation of HIV/AIDS patients during admission were : pneumonia (56%), oral trush (22.6%), anemia (56.5%), leucopenia (32.3%), lymphopenia (55.9%), elevated AST/ALT (66.1%), hypoalbuminemia (46.9%), limphadenopathy (10.6%), brain space occuping lesion (7.6%), encephalopathy (6.0%), pulmonary tb and pleural effusion (10.6%). The opportunistic and co-infections present were candidiasis (25.8%), chronic hepatitis C (24.2%), chronic hepatitis B and C (4.5%), pulmonary tb, lymphadenitis and miliary tb. Candidiasis and pulmonary tb were frequently found in public hospital. In conclusion from this study that clinical manifestation of HIV/AIDS were young man or woman, with one or more possible risk factor, had fever, respiratory complain, loss of body weight, chronic diarrhea, fatique, oral trush, anemia, leucopenia, lymphopenia. Patients admitted in private hospital had varied complain; and patients that admitted in public hospital had more severe and advance condition. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 232-6)"

"Infeksi HIV menyebabkan menurunnya jumlah sel T helper(Th) yang memudahkan terjadinya infeksi oportunistik. Salah satu infeksi oportunistik tersering adalah infeksi kandida di orofaring dan esofagus. Untuk mendeteksi peningkatan koloni Kandida tidak mudah, jumlah CD4 dapat digunakan sebagai rujukan. Pada kenyataannya hanya sedikit sentra laboratorium yang menyediakan fasilitas pemeriksaan CD4. Dilakukan penelitian cross-sectional untuk menentukan hubungani antara jumlah limfosit total dengan intensitas koloni kandida di orofaring pasien-pasien HIV/AIDS. Penelitian dilakukan di poliklinik dan bangsal rawat inap RS Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo dari Agustus 2004 sampai Januari 2005. Subyek penelitian diwawancarai, menjalani pemeriksaan fisik, dan pemeriksaan darah dan kultur sampel kumur pasien. Sejumlah 60 subyek terdiri dari 52 pria(86.7%) dan 8 wanita(13.3%). Rata-rata hitung limfosit total adalah 1194.53 sel/µL. Kandidosis orofaring terdapat pada 44 pasien(73.3%).Terdapat kecenderungan jumlah koloni Kandida yang tinggi pada jumlah limfosit total pasien yang rendah, walaupun tidak terdapat korelasi signifikan di antara keduanya. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara jumlah limfosit total pada klas koloni Kandida yang positif dan negatif. (Med J Indones 2005; 14: 147-51)

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HIV infection causes qualitative and quantitative reduction of the T helper (Th) subset of T lymphocytes, facilitating opportunistic infection. One of the common opportunistic infections among HIV/AIDS patients is Candida infection in the oropharynx and esophagus. Detection of increased Candida colonialization is not always easy, CD4 count is a parameter that could be used as reference. The fact is there?s only few laboratory can provide CD4 count. This study is a cross-sectional correlative study to determine the relation between total lymphocyte count as a much more applicable laboratory parameter and the intensity of Candida colonization in the oropharyngeal cavity of patients with HIV infection/AIDS. It was performed in the outpatient ward and inpatient ward of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, from August 2004 to January 2005. The selected study subjects underwent interview, physical examination and had their blood samples and gargle samples taken. 60 study subjects were recruited, consisting of 52 males (86.7%) and 8 females (13.3%). The mean total lymphocyte count was 1194.53 cells/μL. Oropharyngeal candidiasis was found in 44 subjects (73.3%). There is a trend of higher Candida colonies number with lower total lymphocyte count despite no significant correlation between total lymphocyte count and the number of Candida colonies in the oral cavity of patients with HIV infection/AIDS. There is significant different between total lymphocyte count in positive and negative Candida colonies. (Med J Indones 2005; 14: 147-51)"

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Hingga saat ini belum ada panduan mengenai paduan terapiantiretroviral (antiretroviral therapy/ART) terpilih pada pasien HIV dewasadengan riwayat interupsi tidak terencana. Kondisi pasien pada saat reintroduksiART perlu dievaluasi sebagai dasar pemilihan paduan ART Tujuan: Mengetahui proporsi keberhasilan virologis pada reintroduksi ART linipertama pasca interupsi tidak terencana. Mengetahui hubungan antara berbagaifaktor klinis dan laboratoris dengan keberhasilan virologis pada reintroduksi tersebut. Metode: Penelitian kohort retrospektif dilakukan pada pasien HIV yangmendapatkan reintroduksi ART lini pertama pasca interupsi tidak terencanaselama minimal 1 bulan. Data didapatkan dari rekam medis RS dr. CiptoMangunkusumo di Jakarta. Viral load (VL) dinilai 6-18 bulan setelah reintroduksiART lini pertama, dinyatakan berhasil bila VL <400 kopi/ml. Dilakukan analisisterhadap faktor yang berhubungan dengan keberhasilan virologis tersebut.Hasil: Selama periode Januari 2005 s.d. Desember 2014 terdapat 100 subjek yangmendapatkan reintroduksi ART lini pertama dan memiliki data viral load 6-18bulan pasca reintroduksi. Pasca reintroduksi ART didapatkan keberhasilanvirologis pada 55 (55%) subjek. Pada analisis didapatkan dua faktor yangberhubungan dengan keberhasilan virologis pada reintroduksi ART lini pertama,yaitu frekuensi interupsi satu kali (adjusted OR/aOR 5,51; IK95% 1,82-16,68;p=0,003), nilai CD4 saat reintroduksi ≥200 sel/mmxi 3 (aOR 4,33; IK95% 1,1416,39,p=0,031).Simpulan:Proporsi keberhasilan virologis pada reintroduksi ART lini pertamapasca interupsi tidak terencana adalah 55%. Pasien dengan frekuensi interupsi 1kali dan pasien dengan nilai CD4 saat reintroduksi ≥200 sel/mm3 memiliki kecenderungan untuk mencapai keberhasilan virologis pada reintroduksi ART.ABSTRACT There is no guideline concerning antiretroviral therapy (ART) ofchoice for adult HIV patients after unplanned interruption. Hence, patients?conditions at time of ART reintroduction need to be evaluated as a basis forselecting ART regiment. Objectives: To know the proportion of virological success of first line ARTreintroduction after unplanned interruption. To know the association betweeneither clinical or laboratory factors and virological success in reintroduction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in HIV patients that werereintroduced to first line ART after having unplanned interruption for at least onemonth period. The data were collected from medical records of Dr. CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta. Viral load (VL) was evaluated at 6-18months after first line ART reintroduction, declared as a success if VL <400copies/mL. Analysis was done to factors associated with such virological success.Results: Between January 2005 and December 2014, 100 subjects werereintroduced to first line ART and having VL data in 6 to 18 months after thereintroduction. Virological success was achieved in 55 (55%) subjects. In theanalysis we found that virological success was associated with interrupted once(adjusted OR/aOR 5.51%, 95%CI 1.82-16.68, p=0.003) and CD4 ≥200 cell/mmxii Universitas Indonesia 3at the time of reintroduction (aOR 4.33, 95%CI 1.14-16.39, p=0.031).Conclusions: Proportion of virological success on first line ART reintroductionafter unplanned interruption was 55%. Patients who were having interrupted onceand patients with CD4 ≥200 cell/mm3 at the time of reintroduction would havehigher odds of virological success on first line ART reintroduction.;Background: There is no guideline concerning antiretroviral therapy (ART) ofchoice for adult HIV patients after unplanned interruption. Hence, patients?conditions at time of ART reintroduction need to be evaluated as a basis forselecting ART regiment. Objectives: To know the proportion of virological success of first line ARTreintroduction after unplanned interruption. To know the association betweeneither clinical or laboratory factors and virological success in reintroduction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in HIV patients that werereintroduced to first line ART after having unplanned interruption for at least onemonth period. The data were collected from medical records of Dr. CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta. Viral load (VL) was evaluated at 6-18months after first line ART reintroduction, declared as a success if VL <400copies/mL. Analysis was done to factors associated with such virological success.Results: Between January 2005 and December 2014, 100 subjects werereintroduced to first line ART and having VL data in 6 to 18 months after thereintroduction. Virological success was achieved in 55 (55%) subjects. In theanalysis we found that virological success was associated with interrupted once(adjusted OR/aOR 5.51%, 95%CI 1.82-16.68, p=0.003) and CD4 ≥200 cell/mmxii Universitas Indonesia 3at the time of reintroduction (aOR 4.33, 95%CI 1.14-16.39, p=0.031).Conclusions: Proportion of virological success on first line ART reintroductionafter unplanned interruption was 55%. Patients who were having interrupted onceand patients with CD4 ≥200 cell/mm3 at the time of reintroduction would havehigher odds of virological success on first line ART reintroduction.;Background: There is no guideline concerning antiretroviral therapy (ART) ofchoice for adult HIV patients after unplanned interruption. Hence, patients?conditions at time of ART reintroduction need to be evaluated as a basis forselecting ART regiment. Objectives: To know the proportion of virological success of first line ARTreintroduction after unplanned interruption. To know the association betweeneither clinical or laboratory factors and virological success in reintroduction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in HIV patients that werereintroduced to first line ART after having unplanned interruption for at least onemonth period. The data were collected from medical records of Dr. CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta. Viral load (VL) was evaluated at 6-18months after first line ART reintroduction, declared as a success if VL <400copies/mL. Analysis was done to factors associated with such virological success.Results: Between January 2005 and December 2014, 100 subjects werereintroduced to first line ART and having VL data in 6 to 18 months after thereintroduction. Virological success was achieved in 55 (55%) subjects. In theanalysis we found that virological success was associated with interrupted once(adjusted OR/aOR 5.51%, 95%CI 1.82-16.68, p=0.003) and CD4 ≥200 cell/mmxii Universitas Indonesia 3at the time of reintroduction (aOR 4.33, 95%CI 1.14-16.39, p=0.031).Conclusions: Proportion of virological success on first line ART reintroductionafter unplanned interruption was 55%. Patients who were having interrupted onceand patients with CD4 ≥200 cell/mm3 at the time of reintroduction would havehigher odds of virological success on first line ART reintroduction.;Background: There is no guideline concerning antiretroviral therapy (ART) ofchoice for adult HIV patients after unplanned interruption. Hence, patients?conditions at time of ART reintroduction need to be evaluated as a basis forselecting ART regiment. Objectives: To know the proportion of virological success of first line ARTreintroduction after unplanned interruption. To know the association betweeneither clinical or laboratory factors and virological success in reintroduction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in HIV patients that werereintroduced to first line ART after having unplanned interruption for at least onemonth period. The data were collected from medical records of Dr. CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta. Viral load (VL) was evaluated at 6-18months after first line ART reintroduction, declared as a success if VL <400copies/mL. Analysis was done to factors associated with such virological success.Results: Between January 2005 and December 2014, 100 subjects werereintroduced to first line ART and having VL data in 6 to 18 months after thereintroduction. Virological success was achieved in 55 (55%) subjects. In theanalysis we found that virological success was associated with interrupted once(adjusted OR/aOR 5.51%, 95%CI 1.82-16.68, p=0.003) and CD4 ≥200 cell/mmxii Universitas Indonesia 3at the time of reintroduction (aOR 4.33, 95%CI 1.14-16.39, p=0.031).Conclusions: Proportion of virological success on first line ART reintroductionafter unplanned interruption was 55%. Patients who were having interrupted onceand patients with CD4 ≥200 cell/mm3 at the time of reintroduction would havehigher odds of virological success on first line ART reintroduction."

"Disertasi ini membahas konstruksi pengetahuan dan praktik/tindakan pengelolaan illness yang dilakukan orang dengan HIV-AIDS (ODHA) serta berbagai faktor kontekstual yang terkait dalam mewujudkan praktik/tindakan tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan kepada 6 ODHA di Jakarta: laki-laki homoseksual, laki-laki biseksual, pekerja seksual komersial perempuan, intravenous drug user (IDU) laki-laki, dan perempuan heteroseksual yang terinfeksi dari suaminya. Data penelitian juga diperoleh dari significant others setiap ODHA. Konstruksi pengetahuan ODHA dalam mengelola illness dilihat melalui pendekatan connectionism. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pengetahuan ODHA dalam mengelola illness berkembang melalui pengalaman pribadi dari upaya memahami illness (learning what illness means) hingga beradaptasi terhadap illness. Praktik/tindakan pengelolaan illness terwujud karena adanya makna yang terbentuk dari interaksi antara struktur ekstrapersonal dan intrapersonal individu.

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This study discussed about knowledge construction and illness managing practices that conducted by people with HIV-AIDS (ODHA), also contextual factors related to bring into reality those practices. Study conducted to 6 ODHAs in Jakarta that consisted of a male homosexual, a female bisexual, a female prostitute, an intravenous drug user (IDU), and females that were infected HIV- AIDS from their husbands. The data also were collected from the significant others of ODHAs. The ODHA's knowledge construction in managing illness was viewed through connectionism approach.

The study showed that the ODHAs' knowledge in managing illness developed through personal experiences from the effort to understanding the illness (learning what illness means) to becoming adaptive to the illness. The practices brought into reality because there was a meaning which was formed from interaction between individual extrapersonal and intrapersonal structure."

"Beberapa hasil uji serologi HIV indeterminate pada tes skrining darah ditemukan di Indonesia. Prosedur skrining darahyang dilakukan saat ini sesuai ketentuan yang ditetapkan oleh WHO untuk skrining darah, yaitu 3 tes uji serologi HIVselama pemeriksaan darah. Ketidaksesuaian hasil yang satu dengan yang lain didefinisikan sebagai hasil indeterminate.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi galur-galur HIV yang sulit teridentifikasi dari darah dengan uji serologiHIV intermediate dan mengevaluasi apakah galur HIV yang beredar di Indonesia mempunyai kemungkinan lolos darisistem pendeteksian yang ada. Deteksi RT-PCR dilakukan pada 40 sampel RNA HIV dari donor darah yangmempunyai hasil uji serologi indeterminate dengan sebelumnya melakukan uji konfirmasi dengan menggunakanwestern blot. Deteksi RT-PCR menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 24/32 (75%) sampel positif LTR, 4/31 (13%) positif poldan 3/5 (60%) positif env. Amplifikasi pada daerah p24, pita-pita yang ditemukan pada sampel selalu lebih rendah dariyang diharapkan. Sekuensing dilakukan untuk mengkonfirmasi hasil amplifikasi menunjukkan bahwa perlu analisislebih lanjut untuk mengetahui apakah perubahan ini yang menyebabkan hasil indeterminate.Indeterminate results ofserological HIV test have been found in Indonesia. The screening procedure is following the prescribed by WHO forscreening of blood donors which is based on 3 different serological HIV test during screening of blood donors.Discordant results are interpreted as indeterminate. This research aims to identify GIV strains that previously difficult todetermine, and to evaluate whether the HIV strains present in Indonesia could pass the existing screening system. RTPCRdetection test of HIV RNA were conducted for 40 blood donors samples with indeterminate serological HIV-testafter a confirmatory test using western blot. Preliminary results showed that 24/32 (75%) of the samples are positiveLTR, 4/31 (12%) positive pol and 1/3 (33%) positive env. Amplification in p24 region showed that bands found havelower size than expected. Sequencing performed to confirm these findings show that further analysis is needed todetermine whether this change is what behind the indeterminate results."