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"Insidens diare kronik di Asia berkisar antara 0,8 ? 1,0%. Lokasi penyakit dan kelainan yang menimbulkan diare kronik dapat dibagi atas 3 kelompok yaitu usus halus, usus besar dan ekstra intestinal. Penyakit-penyakit pada usus halus terdiri dari infeksi dan non-infeksi. Penyakit-penyakit infeksi antara lain yaitu infeksi bakterial, infeksi parasit dll. Penyakit-penyakit non-infeksi yang menimbulkan diare kronik a.l. penyakit Crohn, ?Celiac sprue?, enteropati OAINS, intoleransi laktose, tumor jinak, tumor karsinoid, karsinoma, komplikasi pasca bedah, obat laksatif dll. Pendekatan diagnosis terdiri dari anamnesis riwayat penyakit yang baik, pemeriksaan fisik yang teliti, laboratorium penunjang, laboratorium penunjang yang lebih spesifik termasuk foto rontgen kolon, foto rontgen ?esofagogastroduodenum follow-through?, ?enteroclysis?, pemeriksaan ileo-kolonoskopi dan endoskopi saluran cerna atas termasuk usus halus dengan biopsi untuk pemeriksaan histopatologi. Pengobatan diare kronik dibagi atas pengobatan suportif dan kausal. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 179-89)

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The incidence of chronic diarrhea in Asia is between 0.8 ? 1.0%. The diseases and abnormalities according to the location, which can cause chronic diarrhea, are divided into three locations: the small bowel, the large bowel and extraintestinal. The small bowel diseases include infectious and non-infectious diseases. The infectious diseases are bacterial infections, parasitic infections etc. The non-infectious diseases include of Crohn?s disease, Celiac sprue, NSAID enteropathy, lactose intolerance, benign tumor, carcinoid tumor, carcinoma, post surgery complications, laxative etc. The approaches to diagnosis include good anamnesis, careful physical examination, supporting laboratory tests, more specialized supporting examinations including X-ray of the colon, esophagogastroduodenum follow-through, enteroclysis, ileo-colonoscopy and endoscopy on the upper portion of the digestive tract including the small intestine with biopsy for histopathology examinations. The treatment for chronic diarrhea is divided into supportive and causal therapy. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 179-89)"

"Background: One of the causes of chronic diarrhea is pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Chronic diarrhea cases are commonly encountered in Indonesia.Materials & Methods: All patients with chronic diarrhea at hospitals in Jakarta were included in this study and dyspeptic patients were used as control subjects. The study and control subjects must submit their stool for fecal pancreatic elastase-1 examination at a private laboratory in Jakarta. Mild/moderate pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was defined if the concentration was between 100 - 200 [ig El/g stool. Severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was defined if the concentration was below 100 [ig El/g stool. The data was analyzed using Fisher or Kruskal-Wallis tests.Results: There were 32 chronic diarrhea patients with a male to female ratio of 19/13 (59.38%/40.62%). The most frequent age range was 50-59 years old (39.5%). The characteristics (sex, age and race) of chronic diarrhea patients were matched with the characteristics of dyspeptic patients as control subjects (p > 0.05). The fecal elastase-1 results in chronic diarrhea displayed greater pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (< 200 fig El/g stool) than in dyspepsia (control) (>_ 200 fj,g El/g stool, p < 0.001). The mean fecal elastase-1 result in chronic diarrhea and in dyspepsia were 316.29 ±_ 195.44 vs. 475.93 +. 65.33 fig El/g stool (p < 0.001). Six patients (18.74%) were established as having severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Seven patients (21.88%) were found with mild/moderate pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.Conclusion: Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was found frequently in chronic diarrhea."

"Penyakit diare adalah penyakit yang sangat berbahaya dan terjadi hampir di seluruh daerah geografis di dunia dan bisa menyerang seluruh kelompok usia baik laki-laki maupun perempuan. Angka kejadian diare di rumah sakit Awal Bros Bekasi terbilang cukup tinggi. Hal ini dapat juga menegaskan bahwa, diare menyerang siapa saja tanpa kenal usia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran epidemiologi penyakit diare yang ada di Rumah Sakit Awal Bros Bekasi. Desain yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang diambil dari dokumen rekam medis. Jumlah kasus yang diperoleh adalah seluruh kasus diare di lokasi penelitian. Analisis dilakukan secara univariat. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Mei 2011. Dari penelitian ini didapat hasil, penderita diare di Rumah Sakit Awal Bros pada tahun 2011 berjumlah 414 orang, dengan rata-rata umur penderita adalah 26,17 tahun. Jenis kelamin laki-laki mendominasi yaitu 55,6%, dan pada kelompok umur balita, dengan lokasi tempat tinggal penderita sebagian besar bertempat tinggal di Bekasi Selatan yaitu sebanyak 50,7%. Lama rawat penderita diare di Rumah Sakit Awal Bros tergolong sebentar. Bulan Rawat yang paling banyak penderita diarenya adalah bulan April yaitu 11,1%. Sebagian Besar penderita diare di Rumah Sakit Awal Bros menempati ruang kelas III. Dengan data yang didapat peneliti, diharapkan instansi terkait dalam hal ini Rumah Sakit Awal Bros Bekasi dapat lebih mengoptimalkan pelayanan terhadap penderita penyakit diare.

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Diarrhea is a very dangerous disease and occurs in almost all geographic regions in the world and can strike all age groups both male or female. The incidence of diarrhea in RS. Awal Bros Bekasi is quite high. It can also affirm that, diarrhea attack anyone without a known age. The purpose of this study was to determine the epidemiological picture of diarrheal disease in RS. Awal Bros Bekasi.

The method of this research is cross sectional study by using secondary data taken from the medical record documents. The number of cases obtained are all cases of diarrhea in the study site. Univariate analysis was done.

Results obtained from this study, patients with diarrhea RS. Awal Bros in 2011 amounted to 414 people, with an average age of patients was 26.17 years. Male gender dominates is 55.6%, and the toddler age group, with the location where the patient lived mostly residing in South Bekasi as many as 50.7%. Length of stay patient with diarrhea at the RS. Awal Bros briefly considered. Months of stay most patients of the diarrhea was in April, 11.1%. Mostly people with diarrhea in RS. Awal Bros Bekasi occupies classrooms III."

"Bakteri Escherichia coli yang banyak mengakibatkan pencemaran air minum di Indonesia didisinfeksi menggunakan teknologi ozon dan sinar UV dalam penelitian ini, khususnya untuk mengatasi masalah penyediaan air minum. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan variasi waktu disinfeksi, ada atau tidaknya sinar UV pada penelitian, dan laju alir keluaran pompa. Semua hasilnya, yaitu yang berhubungan dengan jumlah koloni E. coli dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode TPC (Total Plate Count). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, jumlah bakteri setelah proses disinfeksi menunjukkan penurunan yang cukup signifikan baik menggunakan ozon saja, sinar UV saja, ataupun keduanya, terutama pada waktu disinfeksi selama 3 menit. Pada sistem sirkulasi, teknologi yang paling optimal untuk proses disinfeksi adalah sinergi antara teknologi ozon dan sinar UV terbukti dengan jumlah bakteri sama dengan 0 setelah proses disinfeksi selama 30 menit pada sampel air keran. Sedangkan untuk sistem kontinyu teknologi yang paling efektif untuk proses disinfeksi adalah sinar UV terbukti dengan jumlah bakteri sama dengan 0 setelah proses disinfeksi dengan laju alir 1,5 LPM pada sampel air minum dalam kemasan (AMDK).

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Escherichia coli bacteria are a lot of lead contamination of drinking water in Indonesia disinfected using ozone technology and UV light in this experiment, particularly to address the problem of water supply. The experiment was carried out by the variation of time disinfection, presence or absence of UV light on the research, and the pump output flow rate. All the results, which are related to the number of colonies of E. coli analyzed by using the method of TPC (Total Plate Count).

Based on the results of the experiment, the number of bacteria after disinfection show a significant decline either using ozone alone, UV alone, or both, especially at the time of disinfection for 3 minutes. The circulatory system, the most optimal technology for the disinfection process is a synergy between ozone technology and UV light proven by the number of bacteria equal to 0 after the disinfection process for 30 minutes in tap water samples. As for the continuous system the most effective technology for UV disinfection is proven by the number of bacteria equal to 0 after disinfection with a flow rate of 1.5 LPM on samples of bottled water (bottled water)."

"Amyloidosis is a rare disease, when diagnosed it's incurable and mostly affect over 40 years old male. Diagnostic is confirmed if histopathologic stained positive with Congo red and evidence of monoclonal protein. Survivals for untreated patients are 13 months in primary amyloidosis but if secondary to other chronic disease and systemic, survival could be 3-4 years. It can not be prevented but when affected, control of the underlying illness can prevent progression of amyloidosis.

We report a rare case of a 67 year old male, who came with chronic diarrhea. The stool analysis, there were no negative gram microorganisme found, only food maldigestion and fungus infection. Stool analyze from parasitology department were found microspore, but the stool culture were sterile. The patient underwent colonoscopy which revealed hyperemis mucosa in rectum, sigmoid, descending & transverse colon. From the biopsy was concluded intestinal amyloidosis. We treated the patient symptomatically and couldn't find the underlying inflammatory disease which causes the problem."

"ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan negara berkembang yang mempunyai peluang besar terhadap mortalitas kejadian diare kronik dengan kultur tinja positif. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko pada pasien anak diare kronik non HIV dengan kultur tinja positif. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan desain potong lintang menggunakan data rekam medis. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel sebanyak 45 yang dipilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hubungan antar variabel dianalisis menggunakan uji bivariat Chi Square dan Fisher dan analisis multivariat uji Regresi Logistik. Dari hasil uji Chi Square didapatkan faktor risiko dehidrasi dan konsumsi antibiotik terhadap nilai hasil kultur tinja pasien diare kronik, bernilai p=0,027 dan p=0,058. Analisis multivariat uji Regresi Logistik tidak dapat dilakukan karena terdapat jumlah 0 pada data konsumsi antibiotik. Pada akhirnya, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dehidrasi dan pemberian antibiotik merupakan faktor yang berhubungan terhadap diare kronik dengan hasil kultur tinja positif berdasarkan analisis bivariat.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is developing country that has big risk of diarrhea mortality. The study aimed to know risk factors of pediatric chronic diarrhea non HIV with positive stool culture The study is conducted by using the analytical observational cross sectional study. The samples used in this study were 45 respondents selected by inclusion exclusion criteria. The relationship between variabels was analyzed by bivariate test Chi Square and multivariate analysis Logistic Regretion. Based on Chi Square test, relationship between stool culture with dehydration and antibiotics as risk factors, sequentiallly p 0.027 and p 0.058. Multivariate analysis Logistic Regretion can not be applied because there is quantity ldquo 0 rdquo in antibiotics use. In the end, the result is dehydration and antibiotics use are factors that correlate with chronic diarrhea with positive stool culture based on result of bivariate analysis."

"ABSTRAKDiare kronik pada anak membutuhkan perhatian serius karena memiliki morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Diare kronik merupakan proses diare akut yang melanjut akibat berbagai faktor risiko. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi, karakteristik pasien, gambaran klinis, dan faktor risiko diare kronik pada anak non-HIV. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang pada pasien anak dengan diagnosis diare kronik non-HIV di RSCM pada Januari 2014-Juli 2018. Data pasien diperoleh dari sumber data sekunder berupa rekam medis. Dari 120 rekam medis dengan diagnosis diare, 44 pasien anak mengalami diare kronik non-HIV. Prevalensi diare kronik non-HIV di RSCM adalah 36%. Karakteristik pasien adalah mayoritas laki-laki dengan rentang usia 1-5 tahun dengan kondisi gizi buruk serta riwayat penggunaan antibiotik. Mayoritas pasien tidak memiliki riwayat menggunakan oralit. Meskipun demikian, kebanyakan pasien tidak mengalami dehidrasi. Pasien ditemukan mayoritas memiliki penyakit penyertadan kultur tinja positif. Mikroorganisme terbanyak yang ditemukan dalam kultur adalah Klebseilla pneumoniae, E. coli non-patogen, dan Proteus mirabilis. Sedangkan, penyakit terbanyak yang menyertai kondisi diare kronik adalah infeksi, seperti sepsis, infeksi CMV, dan infeksiTB. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara jenis kelamin dengan temuan kultur feses positif pada pasien diare kronik non-HIV (p = 0,029; 95% CI = 0,024-0,82). Faktor lainnya ditemukan tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jenis kelamin laki-laki merupakan salah satu faktor risiko kultur feses positif pada pasien diare kronik non-HIV. Maka dari itu, perhatian lebih perlu difokuskan kepada populasi laki-laki karena kelompok tersebut lebih rentan terkena diare kronik dibandingkan dengan populasi perempuan. Dengan demikian, penanganan yang cepat dan tepat dapat diberikan pada populasi laki-laki untuk menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas diare kronik.

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ABSTRACTChronic diarrhea, especially in children, demand a higher concern due to its high morbidity and mortality. Chronic diarrhea resulted from a prolonged and unsolved acute diarrhea due to many factors. This paper aim to identify prevalence, patient characteristics, clinical profiles, and risk factors of chronic diarrhea in non-HIV children. This paper uses cross sectional study design from children patients from January 2014 to July 2018with the diagnosis of chronic diarrhea in non-HIV children. This paper obtained its data from the patients medical records. From120 medical records with the diagnosis of diarrhea, 44 patients are diagnosed with chronic diarrhea without the infection of HIV. The prevalence of chronic diarrhea in non-HIV patients in RSCM is 36%. The patient characteristics is dominated by 1-5 years old boys with severe malnutrition and history of taking antibiotics medication. Most of the patients also never took oral rehydration therapy in their medication. Regardless of that, most of the patients also didnt experience any dehydration. This paper also found that chronic diarrhea mostly accompanied with another disease and positive fecal culture test. The big three of microorganism that found in the positive fecal culture is Klebseilla pneumoniae, Non-Pathogen E. Coli, and Proteus mirabilis. In the other hand, most of the accompanying disease is infectious disease, suchas CMV infection or TB infection. Multivariate analysis in this study shows that sex is the only risk factor that significantly associated with the event of positive fecal culture test. Other factors found to be insignificant. This paper findings highlight that boys have higher risk of positive fecal culture test due to infection compared to girls. Hence, it is important to give more attention to boys because they are prone to chronic diarrhea than girls. With doing so, we can prompt an early and appropriate treatment to these specific group in order to decrease the morbidity and mortality of chronic diarrhea."