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VARIASI PERAN PEREMPUAN DALAM KELOMPOK TEROR

                                                                        Abstrak

Penelitian ini akan menganlisis mengenai keterlibatan perempuan yang ada di beberapa kelompok terorisme. Kelompok-kelompok ini akan dibagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu kelompok teror non-Indonesia seperti Kurdistan Workers’ Party/Partiye Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK), Black Widow, dan Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Serta kelompok teror Indonesia terdiri dari Jamaah Islamiyah (JI), kelompok Pepi Fernando, Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT), dan simpatisan ISIS di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa terdapat dua faktor yang berbeda yang mendasari perempuan terlibat ke dalam kelompok terorisme yaitu faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Serta variasi peran perempuan yang sudah dijalankan oleh perempuan seperti peran pendukung yang meliputi simpatisan, mengumpulkan dana, dilatih menjadi kombatan hingga peran pelaku utama bom bunuh diri. Munculnya nama Dian Yulia Novi yang menjadi perempuan pertama yang ingin melakukan bom bunuh diri telah menunjukkan bahwa peran perempuan Indonesia dalam kelompok terorisme mengalami peningkatan karena perempuan berniat untuk melakukan bom bunuh diri hanya berdasarkan perintah dari suaminya

 

Kata kunci: perempuan di kelompok teror, kelompok teror non Indonesia, kelompok teror Indonesia, faktor internal dan eksternal, variasi peran perempuan

            

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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VARIATION OF WOMEN’S ROLE IN TERROR GROUPS OF NON-INDONESIA AND INDONESIA

 

                                                        Abstract

 

This research will analyse involvement of women in terror groups. These groups will be devided into two types such as terror groups outside Indonesia (terror groups non-Indonesia) such as Kurdistan Workers’ Party/Partiye Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK), Black Widow, danLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Then, terror groups Indonesia such as Jamaah Islamiyah (JI), Pepi Fernando’s group, Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT) and ISIS Sympathizers in Indonesia (case of Dian Yulia Novi). The method of this research is using qualitative method. The result of this research is there are two different factors that effect to women for involving to terror groups such as internal and external factors. Moreover, there are variation of women’s role in terror groups such as sympathizers, collecting funding, training to be combatant even to be the actor of suicide bombing. The emergence of Dian Yulia Novi as the first woman who wanted to be suicide bomber, showing that the role of Indonesian women in terrorism groups has increased because women intend to carry out suicide bombings based on orders from their husbands.

 

Keywords: women in terror groups, terror groups non-Indonesia, terror groups Indonesia, internal and external factors, variation of women’s role in terror groups 

 

 

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"The emergence of the welfare state form in the West positions women in the traditional role in the domestic sphere. In the context of Indonesia, the critique presented by the feminist in the west to the concept of state and family welfare cannot directly be used to analyze how the country put the women in the family welfare policies. By using some concepts of the state welfare, this paper will explain the bias in formulating the position of women in social policy in the field of family welfare in Indonesia. Social policy for women within the family unit is still discriminatory against women. This is a consequence of the model family with a male breadwinner. The guarantee of women's and children's rights is determined by the legitimacy and their relationship with the husband as head of the family. For poor women the economy and domestic job work is not an option but a requirement. Woman as the head of household is a unique picture of the viability of women from the poverty of the families. These symptoms should be seen as the practice criticizing the assumption of the family model with a male breadwinner. These examples may be early clues to search defamilization concept in Indonesia."

"Tesis ini menelusuri pengalaman perempuan penyintas korban perkawinan anak dipaksa memasuki lembaga perkawinan pada usia anak. Peneliti menelusuri bagaimana perempuan penyintas perkawinan anak yang berasal dari Sekolah Perempuan mendapatkan akses pengetahuan umum, baik pendidikan formal maupun informal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mempelajari perempuan dewasa penyintas korban perkawinan anak mampu mengatasi berbagai masalah terkait dampak perkawinan anak serta bagaimana mereka membangun otonomi dan kebahagiaan melalui akses pengetahuan formal dan informal dalam kehidupannya kemudian dielaborasi dengan teori Shulamith Firestone dan Sara Ahmed. Peneliti menggunakan metode penelitian wawancara dan dengan instrumen penelitian berupa daftar pertanyaan detail, kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam padatan faktual, kategori dan tema. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan keempat subjek penelitian mempunyai pengalaman pahit yang tergambar dengan tindak kekerasan seksual. Pengabaian dari suami dan mertua subjek penelitian yang semestinya perempuan penyintas perkawinan anak tersebut mendapatkan tempat aman dan ruang kasih sayang. Beberapa subjek penelitian mengalami kendala akses atas pengurusan administrasi. Akses subjek terhadap pengetahuan umum dan tentang kesehatan reproduksi menjadi penting ketika akses tersebut terhubung dengan percakapan perempuan dewasa korban pernikahan anak dengan petugas kesehatan. Dua perempuan dewasa korban perkawinan anak mendapatkan privilege karena pernah mengecap sekolah perempuan yang merupakan respons atas dasar pilihannya secara mandiri.

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This thesis explores the experience of female survivors of child marriage being forced to enter marriage institutions. The researcher explores how women survivors of child marriage from Sekolah Perempuan gain access to general knowledge, both formal and informal education. The purpose of this research is to study that adult women who are victims of child marriage are able to overcome various problems related to the impact of child marriage and how they build autonomy and happiness through access to formal and informal knowledge in their lives and then I elaborated based on theory of Shulamith Firestone and Sara Ahmed. Researcher used interview research methods and research instruments such as list form that contained some detailed questions, then put them into factual solids, categories and themes. The results of the study concluded that the four research subjects had bitter experiences depicted by acts of sexual violence. The neglect of the husband and in-laws of the research subjects, which should have women who survived child marriages, got a safe place and a space of love. Some research subjects experience problems with access to administrative management. Subject access to general knowledge and about reproductive health becomes important when those access were connected with consultation of adult women victims of child marriage with health workers. Two adult women who are victims of child marriages got privileged because they have experienced Sekolah Perempuan which are a response based on their independent choices."

"Kriminalitas merupakan hal yang banyak terjadi di Jakarta. Sehingga sangat banyak orang yang dihukum dalam sebuah rumah tahanan sebagai konsekuensi dari tindak kejahatannya. Banyak faktor yang diprediksi memiliki keterkaitan dengan gangguan jiwa. Sehingga, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan hubungan usia, status kesehatan fisik, dan aksesibilitas pelayanan kesehatan dengan gangguan jiwa. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan menggunakan instrumen berupa kuesioner demografi dan kuesioner MINI ICD-10. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan Agustus – Oktober 2015 di Rumah Tahanan Kelas IIA Jakarta Timur.Hasil penelitian menjelaskan dari 61 responden penelitian yang mengalami gangguan jiwa, didapatkan sebanyak 47 orang berusia 18-40 tahun (77 %), sejumlah 38 orang mengeluhkan sedang mengalami sakit fisik saat wawancara (62,2 %), dan terdapat 57 orang yang pernah menggunakan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan (93,4 %). Berdasarkan uji hipotesis denganuji Chi-Square, didapatkan nilai p yang menggambarkan hubungan usia, status kesehatan fisik, dan aksesibilitas pelayanan kesehatan dengan gangguan jiwa berturut-turut 0,971; 0,008, dan 0,933. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa status kesehatan fisik memiliki hubungan secara statistik dengan gangguan jiwa, namun hubungan faktor usia dan aksesibilitas pelayanan kesehatan dengan gangguan jiwa tidak bermakna secara statistik.

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Criminality is a common event in Jakarta. So, there are many people who have been convicted with criminal charges and are arrested as a consequence. There are many factors that can predict the occurence of mental disorder. This research is aimed to find the correlation between factors such as age, physical health status, and accessibility of health services with mental disorder. This design of this study is cross-sectional; demographic questionnaires and MINI ICD-10 were used as instruments for this research. This study was conducted from August until October 2015 in Rumah Tahanan Kelas IIA Jakarta Timur. Result from this study showed from 61 respondents who had mental disorders, 47 respondents were between the ages of 18-40 (77 %), 38 respondents complained of physical illnes during the interview (62,2 %), and 57 respondents had used health care services before (93,4 %). The p-values, obtained using Chi-Square hypothesis test, for age, physical health status, and accessibility of health care services were 0,971; 0,008; and 0,933, respectively. Therefore, statistically, we can conclude that physical health status is the only factor that has a correlation with the occurence of mental disorder; however, age and accessibility of health care services have no correlation with the occurence of mental disorder."

"Masalah kriminal masih menjadi masalah yang utama di Indonesia. Pelaku kriminalitas akan ditahan di lembaga pemasyarakatan (lapas) sebagai konsekuensi atas perbuatannya. Kondisi narapidana dan lapas dapat memicu timbulnya gangguan jiwa pada narapidana. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan atas dasar masih sedikitnya penelitian yang melihat gangguan jiwa pada narapidana wanita. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan fasilitas sosialisasi rumah tahanan dengan timbulnya gangguan jiwa pada narapidana wanita di Rumah Tahanan Pondok Bambu tahun 2015.Metode yang digunakan adalah wawancara menggunakan kuesioner demografi dan MINI-ICD 10 untuk melihat gangguan jiwa yang dialami narapidana. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah sebanyak 58.6% responden mengalami gangguan jiwa. Dari aspek penggunaan fasilitas sosialisasi, 50% responden pernah menggunakan fasilitas sosialisasi dan mengalami gangguan jiwa sedangkan dari aspek kondisi fasilitas sosialisasi, 47% responden mengatakan kondisi fasilitas sudah baik dan mengalami gangguan jiwa.Setelah dianalisis menggunakan SPSS versi 23 dengan uji Chi Square, tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna baik dari faktor penggunaan maupun kondisi fasilitas sosialisasi terhadap timbulnya gangguan jiwa pada narapidana wanita. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena sudah baiknya fasilitas yang ada di Rumah Tahanan Pondok Bambu dan mungkin ada faktor lain yang lebih berperan dalam timbulnya gangguan jiwa pada narapidana wanita sepertu kesehatan fisik yang cenderung memiliki hubungan yang bermakna, sedangkan fasilitas sosialisasi hanya berperan sebagai faktor protektif agar narapidana tidak mengalami gangguan jiwa.

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Criminal problem is still being the main problem in Indonesia. The criminal will be held at prison as consequency for what they have done. Prisoner and prison condition can trigger mental health disorder among the prisoner. This research was done on the basis of the lack of research on mental health disorder among women prisoner. The aim of this research was to find relation between socialization facilities with mental health disorder among women prisoner at Pondok Bambu Prison year 2015.

This research used interview as the method using demography and MINI-ICD 10 questionaire to find mental health disorder among the prisoner. The result showed that 58.6% respondents have mental health disorder. From the use of socialization facilities aspect, 50% respondents had use the socialization facilities and have mental health disorder while from condition of socialization facilities aspect, 47% respondents said the condition of the facilities were good and have mental health disorder.

After we analyed the datawith SPSS version 23 using Chi Square test, there was no significant relation between the use or condition of socialization facilities with mental health disorder among women prisoner. This result could be caused by the condition of facilities at Pondok Bambu Prison which is already good and maybe there is another main factor that caused mental health disorder among women prisoner like health condition of women prisoner. Socialization was just a protective factor for the prisoners so they will not have mental health disorder."