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"To examine the history of electrical energy in Indonesia indicated that one century or more, the electrical energy had been managed in commercial. In facts, sixty years after independence, the electrification ratio is only reached 54 percents. In the other hand, the rules and regulations passed that electrical energy is a basic right of people's right and the electrical energy is key branch production shall be controlled by state.Indonesia has supply of electrical energy determined by the primary energy is sufficient and positive interaction to all stakeholders and corrective electrical energy policy. The subject of this study is to change fuel to non fuel power station that is aimed to reduce the operational cost. Another strategic problem is to authority the electrical energy management under controlled by national government that has not succeeded to solve it.Target of this study is to determine the factor, which is affected to increase the supply of electrical energy, to determine the strategic alternative the supply of electrical energy, to estimate the factor which is concerned to increase the supply of electrical energy based on the intelligence perspective. This study used the literature study and interview with analysis description approach that combined with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as the primary data collected from the experts or the persons who known on electrical energy.The result of study indicated that 69% respondents would like to wish the electrical energy management to be controlled by national government, Perum PT PLN still to be operator. This meant hat all investment and operational cost to be charged by state. The public has small chance to get and use the electricity connection that reflects to injustice and non-success. This atmosphere is the threat of political and security stability. The potential of threat occurred at the regional which producer's primer energy to power station occurred the electrical energy crisis, and another regional has not been supplied the electrical energy. Its implication is to national stability. To motivate the increasing of electrification ratio, the electrical energy policy has been integrated the regional as subject of development and private/cooperative as real condition the public participation."

"Kebijakan energi terbarukan saat ini berperan dalam terhambatnya pengembangan dan pencapaian target bauran energi terbarukan yang telah ditetapkan. Permasalahan tersebut yaitu terkait regulasi sektoral yang inkonsisten, penetapan prioritas pemerintah dalam kebijakan energi, skema kerja sama, serta penetapan harga jual beli tenaga listrik. Penulis menggunakan desain penelitian yuridis-normatif. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan data sekunder yang terdiri atas bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tertier. Data tersebut disusun kualitatif, melalui uraian teks dan dianalisis dengan teknik analisis deskriptif dan kritis. Kesimpulan, pertama, regulasi pemanfaatan energi terbarukan untuk penyediaan tenaga listrik yang mengatur klausul-klausul kunci PJBL sangat dinamis mengalami perubahan dalam waktu yang singkat. Kedua, dalam penyusunan KEN, RUEN, dan RUPTL pemerintah masih memberikan prioritas utama untuk pemanfaatan energi fossil dibandingkan energi terbarukan. Beberapa hal yang menghambat investasi diantaranya: a) biaya investasi EBT yang tinggi; b) prioritas pengembangan PLTU Mulut Tambang; c) perubahan penentuan biaya pokok produksi; d) terbitnya Permen ESDM 10/2017 mengakibatkan minimnya kesempatan investor untuk Business-to-business dalam PJBL; e) inkonsistensi penerapan pola kerja sama; f) hambatan dalam penyediaan lahan dan hutan. Ketiga, upaya pemerintah dalam mendukung penyediaan energi terbarukan yaitu melalui skema penugasan, kerja sama antara pemerintah dan badan usaha, serta melalui pemberian jaminan kelayakan usaha kepada pengembang. Selain itu untuk memaksimalkan pengembangan energi terbarukan Pemerintah harus mampu mewujudkan: 1) Kepastian Hukum dari Segi Pengaturan Pemanfaatan energi Baru dan Terbarukan; 2) Optimalisasi Kesempatan Ekonomi (economic opportunity) Indonesia dalam Pengembangan Energi Baru dan Terbarukan; 3) Mengubah Paradigma Pemangku Kebijakan yang menganggap batubara sebagai sumber energi murah; dan 4) Mewujudkan Kebijakan Energi Baru dan Terbarukan yang Berkeadilan (fairness).

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New and renewable energy utilization is one of the pillars for reaching national energy independence and security by maximizing the usage of renewable energy by considering the economic level. The current renewable energy policy inhibits the development and achievement of the established renewable energy mix target. This is due to inconsistent sectoral regulations, government priority in energy policy, cooperation scheme, and electricity buying and selling price setting. The author used judicial-normative research design. The present study used secondary data, which consisted of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The data was prepared qualitatively through text description and analyzed using descriptive and critical analysis technique. The conclusions are, first, renewable energy utilization regulations for electricity supply that regulate the key clauses of PJBL are very dynamic and change within a brief period of time. Second, when preparing KEN, RUEN, and RUPTL, the government still prioritizes fossil energy utilization over renewable energy. Some obstacles for investment are: a) high cost of EBT investment; b) priority of PLTU Mulut Tambang development; c) change of cost of production setting; d) the issuance of the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources 10/2017 that reduces investor's chance for Business-to-business in PJBL; e) inconsistency of cooperation pattern implementation; f) obstacle in land and forest provision. Third, government efforts to support renewable energy provision through assignment scheme, government cooperation with businesses, and provision of business viability guarantee for developer. Moreover, to maximize renewable energy development, the government must: 1) Create Legal Certainty in Terms of New and Renewable Energy Utilization Regulation; 2) Optimize Indonesia's Economic Opportunity in New and Renewable Energy Development; 3) Change the Paradigm of Policy Maker who think of coal as cheap source of energy; and 4) Create Fair New and Renewable Energy Policy (fairness)."

"In time of formulating the policy, government should include intelligence to play a role in case to predict and anticipate the impact of implementation of the policy. Intelligence which has the competency of predicting and estimating situation would analyze data and information related to the purpose of policy which will be factors of triggering dispute or conflict concerning the implementation of the policy. Intelligence will identify factors that would be problem and indicate situation that should be analyzed. The process result as intelligence product would give inputs and recommendation to the user or decision maker with suggestion how to anticipate the situation that probably occur. There is intelligence will submit early warning to the user or decision maker to be anticipated. With the result of that, government as user or decision maker would decide whether the policy is fesible to be carried out or to be postponed or even to be cancelled. Because the impact of the implementation of government policy would influence the public's life burden which is in certain level would trigger the sensitivity of public that will refuse or pressure to the policy. In case of canceling of the raise of electricity base tariff or tarif dasar listrik (TDL) 2006, government has not used the intelligence to analyze the impact of the TDL policy, until the refusal became dispute and conflict during two month before government cancelled that policy."

"Salah satu penyebab ketidakberhasilan penerapan suatu kebijakan adalah adanya penelitian yang tidak akurat atau tidak lengkap. Penggunaan penelitian berbasis bukti (evidence-based) merupakan salah satu alternatif yang dapat digunakan dalam proses perumusan suatu kebijakan. Program keluarga Harapan (PKH), merupakan salah satu upaya pemerintah Indonesia menerapkan formulasi kebijakan berbasis bukti dalam bentuk Conditional Cash Transfer. Dalam rangka mengembangkan kebijakan berbasis bukti, Pemerintah Indonesia harus mempertimbangkan pentingnya sisi permintaan dan penawaran. Dari sisi permintaan pemerintah Indonesia dapat mengembangkan Program peningkatan kapasitas bagi para pembuat kebijakan (termasuk politisi dan teknorat) untuk meningkatkan kapasitas mereka dalam menakses dan menggunakan penelitian ilmiah dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan. Sementara dari sisi penawaran, interaksi antara peneliti dan pembuat kebijakan bisa meningkat dengan melibatkan para pembuat kebijakan dalam tahap perancangan penelitian, dengan tetap mempertahankan indepedensi penelitian yang dilaksanakan. Dalam proses formulasi dan implementasi Program Keluarga Harapan menunukan bahwa kebijakan yang diambil bukanlah murni berbasis bukti, namun lebih kepada evidence-informed or evidence-influence policy. Untuk itu diperlukan komitmen dan koordinasi yang efektif dan efisien antara politisi, BAPPENAS serta komunitas penelitian di INdonesia dalam ranka untuk menghasilkan kebijakan berbasis bukti di masa yang akan datang."

"ABSTRAKIran sebagai negara yang berpenduduk kurang lebih 70 juta jiwa (2006) telah mengalami pertumbuhan yang cukup signifikan terutama dalam bidang industri, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Kondisi ini sudah barang tentu membutuhkan sumber energi yang besar pula mengingat hampir 90% masyarakat Iran menggunakan energi listrik dalam menjalankan aktifitas, dan memenuhi kebutuhan mereka. Teknologi nuklir yang dirniliki Iran merupakan satu-satunya solusi alternatif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi pcngganti minyak. Teknologi nuklir ini sudah menjadi kebutuhan masyarakat Iran, sehingga pemerintali Iran harta menjaga, mengembangkan, bahkan kalau perlu mempertahankannya dari hambatan dan tekanan baik yang datang dari dalam ataupun dari luar negerinya, mengingat teknologi nuklir Iran sudah menjadi kebutuhan dan kepentingan nasional mereka.Namun dalam perjalanannya, pelaksanaan kepentingan nasional ini tentyata mendapat hambatan, tekanan, bahkan ancaman dari negara luar terutama Amerika Serikat dan Israel. Kecurigaan akan penyalahgunaan tehnologi nuklir untuk energi menjadi tehnologi senjata nuklir merupakan akar pennasalahan berubahnya kasus nuklir Iran sebagai kasus domestik menjadi kasus internasional. Pemerintah Iran terpaksa hares mengeluarkan kebijakan luar negerinya untuk mernbenarkan, membela, dan meyakinkan dunia intemasional bahwa program nuklir Iran adalah untuk tujuan damai. Terjadinya perbedaan pandangan tentang kasus nuklir Iran yang terjadi antara pernerintah Iran dengan AS, Israel, serta beberapa negara lainnya, telah memaksa kedua belah pihak melakukan berbagai macam cara demi tercapainya tujuan mereka. AS, Israel dan beberapa negara lainnya selalu menekan Iran dengan ancaman akan membawa kasus nuklir Iran ke DK PBB dan akan menjatuhkan sanksi kepada Iran apabila Iran tetap dengan pendiriannya melanjutkan program nuklirnya. Sementara pemerintah Iran seolah oleh tidak memperdulikan ancaman itu dengan keyakinan bahwa program nuklirnya tidak menyalahi aturan yang ditetapkan oleh IAEA, juga keanggotaan negara-negara NPT.

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ABSTRAK

Iran as a country which has population approximately 70 million (2006) has experienced significant economic growth, especially in industry field, science and technology. This economic growth need a laver number or energy especially considering 90% or Iranian need electricity to do their activities and to iul.111 their need. Iran's nuclear teclinology is an altennualive solution to fulfill their national energy need. Nuclear program has become Iran's national interest so that Iran concluded several contracts for construction of nuclear plants and the supply of nuclear fuel. By the time of the Islamic Revolution in January 1979. Iran's nuclear program has considered on the most advanced in the Middle East.

'Concurrently, United Stated (US), Israel, and Europeans Unior Trio (EU riot accused that Iran's nuclear program as their national interest has continued to maintain that Iran is pursing an underground nuclear weapons program. And while this claim has not yet been substantiated by I AEA inspections, proponents argue tht-t hvan has violated the NP T and that the country's nuclear file should, in turn, be referred to the United Nation Security Council (UNSC) for its review. For its part, Iran's foreign policy try to convince international community dun Iran's nuclear prngrarn is a contituues to assert that pursues a nuclear progr:an with only peaceful application. While Iran's government believes that the situation may he resolved diplomatically."

"This paper investigates how the potential of the newly enacted village forest policy to improve the welfare of local people and examines how different actors at local level perceive a legal framework suitable for improving the welfare of local people and enhancing local development. We conducted research through in-dept interviews involiving 75 respondents from different actors, such as policy makers, politician, village chief, customary chief and villagers. The research establish that forest policy on village forestry was a good option for local people to improve their welfare; however, litle understanding of the substance of the newly village forest policy of local development actors due to limited public consultation undertaken at district and village level would become a real challenges for executing the policy. The work of the policy is also depend on the extent to which the central goverment is capable of undertanding local context where multiple legal system operates."

"Sunset Policy tahun 2008 dan Reinventing Policy tahun 2015 adalah dua kebijakan yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan peneirmaan negara sekaligus meningkatkan basis data DJP. Tesis ini membahas perbandingan efektivitas kebijakan Sunset Policy dibandingkan dengan Reinventing Policy dalam upaya meningkatkan penerimaan pajak di Kantor Wilayah DJP Wajib Pajak Besar serta membahas hambatan-hambatan yang terjadi dalam implementasi kedua kebijakan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Sunset Policy lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan kebijakan Reinventing Policy. Saran agar sebaiknya kebijakan ini ditinjau kembali dan dipilih kebijakan yang sifatnya menyeluruh seperti Tax Amnesty. Saran lainnya adalah apabila suatu kebijakan sedang berjalan, janganlah kebijakan yang akan datang diketahui oleh publik terlebih dahulu.

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Sunset Policy 2008 and Reinventing Policy 2015 are two policies that are used to improve state awareness while enhancing the DGT database. This thesis discusses the comparison of the effectiveness of the Sunset Policy compared with the Reinventing Policy in an effort to increase tax revenue in the DGT Office of the Great Taxpayer and discuss the barriers that occur in the implementation of both policies. This research uses qualitative approach with descriptive design.

The results of this study indicate that Sunset Policy is more effective than the Reinventing Policy policy. Suggestions for this policy should be reviewed and selected comprehensive policies such as Tax Amnesty. Another suggestion is that if a policy is in progress, let no future policy be known to the public first."