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"Background of this research is the interest to journalist's rampant attitude by tolerating "thank you envelope" where the often poorly-paid reporter is passed an envelope of money after an interview or media conference in exchange for for favorable coverage. Whilst Jumalist Ethical Code of Pers Council (Dewan Pers, Pasal 6) is strickly prohibit journalist for receaving money from sources. This attitude could cause a very serious problem to our democracy. Inspite of playing their role as the fourth pilar of democracy, journalist-with this attitude shift to be the fourth parasites to democracy together with corruption, colution and nepotism.Mass media companies contribute to this situation by tolerating their journalist to receive money from their source. Only view mass media companies punish their journalist who is found to receive money from their source.This case study is using qualitative approach in data gathering and analyzing methode. Data is collected mainly by conducting structural, non-structural and indepth interviews to subjects of research, who are categorized as follow: 1. journalist of 4 (four) different mass media; 2.. officer in one of state insitution"X", and; 3. staff from different sections on the institution. Subject of interview are limited to journalist, the member and staffs in state institution "X° during March to May 2006. supporting data is gathered through observation to the relation between subjects around the house during first semester of the year 2006.Result of the study, at first, gives a background picture of the rampant attitude among journalist. The picture is about a complexity of journalist life, like the low payment they received from their mass media company, the mass media bussines competion which in turn put mass media companies to fight against each other to gain income from advertisement and lose application of journalist ethical code. These three factors have put journalist in situations to "innovate" their strategy in survival or increasing their wealth.From this study, also found a patern of systemic interactions, which involves journalist and promoter for state institution "X". in most case, they give service in popularity promotion for individual the member of state institution "X", news brokers or providePublic service relation" for the sections of state institution °X", information seller to the member of state institution °X" and even black mailing. This situation should be a signal for mass media companies to increase salary for their journalists. Discourse for increasing salary fot journalist to Rp. 3 millions at least which is introduced by AJI (aliansi Jurnalis Independen), should be appreciated by mass media companies. At the same time, ethic code should also be conducted strictly.A progressive action could be taken by Pers Council (Dewan Pers) - if willing to do so - is to name to public mass media and journalist who tolerate money from source. If mass media had contribute to democracy in this country by publishing black/dirty politiciants, it should also be possible and fair to compaign against mass media companies by publishing names of mass media companies who tolerate money from sources."

"Disertasi ini berusaha mengungkapkan terjadinya komodifikasi pekerja media wartawan dalam industri media massa di era konvergensi. Peneliti mengembangkan kerangka pemikiran dari teori ekonomi politik komunikasi, yang pintu masuk pertamanya adalah komodifikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma kritis dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode studi kasus. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa pertumbuhan Tempo dari sebuah majalah menjadi konglomerasi merupakan akumulasi kapital sesuai dengan tujuan kapitalis. Tempo terus mengembangkan bisnis dan inovasi untuk beradaptasi dengan perkembangan industri media serta teknologi media baru, termasuk dengan penerapan konvergensi media dan konvergensi redaksi. Dalam pelipatgandaan kapital dan pelaksanakan konvergensi redaksi itu terjadi komodifikasi pekerja wartawan lewat penambahan jam kerja, upah rendah, kejar target, tugas ganda, kewajiban permasaran dan adaptasi. Bentuk komodifikasi yang terjadi adalah eksploitasi tubuh, eksploitasi ekonomi, eksploitasi waktu luang, dan eksploitasi kemampuan. Wartawan menerima eksploitasi itu sebagai kewajaran bagi profesinya karena adanya proses mistifikasi, alienasi, naturalisasi, dan reifikasi.

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This dissertation seeks to reveal the occurrence of commodification of media workers journalists in media industry in the convergence age. The researcher developed a framework of political economic of communication theory, whose first entrance is commodification. This research uses a critical paradigm with qualitative approach and case study method. This study reveals that the growth of Tempo from a magazine into a conglomeration is an accumulation of capital in accordance with capitalist objectives. Tempo continues to develop business and innovation to adapt the development of media industry and new media technology, including with the application of media convergence dan editorial convergence. In the multiplication of capital and the execution of editorial convergence, there is a commodification of workers journalists through the addition of working hours, low wages, pursuit of targets, double duties, marketing obligation and adaptation. The forms of commodification that occur are exploitation of the body, economic exploitation, leisure exploitation, and exploitation of ability. Journalists accept the exploitation as fairness for the profession because of the process of mystification, alienation, naturalization, and reification."

"Dua dekade sejak dimulainya era reformasi dan kebebasan pers, kasus kekerasan terhadap jurnalis masih terjadi. Banyak kajian terkait keselamatan jurnalis yang dikembangkan dengan melihat dari sisi hilir atau kuratif yaitu penanganan pasca terjadinya kekerasan di lapangan. Hal ini menunjukkan kurangnya kesadaran preventif terhadap keselamatan jurnalis baik dari pembuat kebijakan, perusahaan media, maupun jurnalis individu, salah satunya adalah pemberian pelatihan keselamatan bagi jurnalis yang masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pemahaman jurnalis tentang urgensi keselamatan dan keamanan jurnalis saat meliput area berisiko. Informan adalah jurnalis yang mengikuti pelatihan keselamatan yang dilakukan untuk mendukung kinerja di area berisiko dan untuk membangun budaya keselamatan dalam praktik jurnalisme. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif melalui teknik wawancara mendalam dan studi pustaka. Peneliti menemukan bahwa jurnalis yang mengikuti pelatihan keselamatan memiliki pemahaman tentang urgensi keselamatan dalam domain kognitif dan siap untuk ditempatkan di area berisiko. Kajian ini menyarankan kepada pihak-pihak terkait, khususnya institusi media, untuk merealisasikan penyelenggaraan pelatihan keselamatan yang lebih masif dan mudah diakses sebagai langkah efektif dalam menanamkan pemahaman tentang urgensi keselamatan dan sebagai solusi strategis isu keselamatan jurnalis.

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Two decades since the start of the reform era and press freedom, cases of violence against journalists are still happening. Many studies related to the safety of journalists have been developed by looking at the downstream or curative side, namely handling after the occurrence of violence in the field. This shows the lack of preventive awareness of journalist safety from policy makers, media companies, and individual journalists, one of which is the provision of safety training for journalists which is still limited. This study aims to describe journalists' understanding of the urgency of the safety and security of journalists when covering risk areas. Informants are journalists who attend safety training conducted to support performance in risk areas and to build a culture of safety in journalism practice. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative through in-depth interview techniques and literature study. Researchers found that journalists who attended safety training had an understanding of the urgency of safety in the cognitive domain and were prepared to be placed in risk areas. This study recommends the relevant parties, especially media institutions, to realize the implementation of a more massive and accessible safety training as an effective step in instilling an understanding of the urgency of safety and as a strategic solution to the issue of journalist safety."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai tindak pidana menghalangi hak pers untuk mencari, memperoleh, dan menyebarluaskan gagasan atau informasi sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 18 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers dalam kaitannya dengan kekerasan terhadap wartawan. Beberapa hal yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah ruang lingkup Pasal 18 ayat ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers dalam kaitannya dengan kekerasan terhadap wartawan, dan penerapan pasal tersebut dalam putusan hakim atas kasus kekerasan terhadap wartawan. Selanjutnya pembahasan dilengkapi dengan rekomendasi mengenai bagaimana seharusnya penyelesaian kasus kekerasan terhadap wartawan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan dan dilengkapi dengan wawancara narasumber yang bersifat yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menghasilkan data deskriptif analitis. Dari penelitian ini, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa dalam yang termasuk lingkup Pasal 18 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers adalah segala tindakan yang berakibat pada terhalangnya hak pers untuk mencari, memperoleh, dan menyebarluaskan gagasan atau informasi, termasuk di dalamnya kekerasan terhadap wartawan pada saat proses peliputan. Dalam penerapannya, belum ada kesamaan penafsiran dari aparat penegak hukum mengenai lingkup pasal ini sehingga variasi penggunaan peraturan antara KUHP dan UU Pers masih banyak terjadi. Untuk mengatasi kasus kekerasan terhadap wartawan perlu ditingkatkan kesadaran atas pentingnya kebebasan pers pada seluruh kalangan.

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This thesis discusses about the criminal act of violating journalists’ rights to seek for, gain, and spread ideas or information as ruled in Article 18 Sub. (1) Pres Act 1999 in its association with violence against journalists. Several points to be discussed in this study include the scope of in Article 18 Sub. (1) Pres Act 1999 in its association with violence against journalists, as well as its implementation on judges’ decisions on the cases of violence against journalists. The discussion is enriched with the recommendations for solving the cases of violence against journalists in Indonesia. The study uses literature review added by juridical-normative interviews with a qualitative approach that results in descriptive-analytical data.

This study concludes that those which are included in Article 18 Sub. (1) Pres Act 1999 are any acts that creates barriers for press rights to seek for, gain, and spread knowledge or information, inclusive of violence against journalists during the process of news-gathering. There is still no mutual commentary among law-enforcing institutions about the scope of this article; therefore, there are differences among criminal code (KUHP) and press act in terms of its usage. The awareness of the importance of freedom of press needs to be increased in order to solve the cases of violence against journalists."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang persekusi doxing yang terjadi pada jurnalis saat ini. Bukan hanya gaya hidup yang mengalami pergeseran di era digital seperti sekarang. Bentuk kekerasan terhadap jurnalis juga mengalami perubahan. Persekusi doxing, istilah yang masih cukup awam dalam kekerasan terhadap jurnalis, yang selama ini lebih banyak diketahui kekerasan hanya terjadi saat jurnalis bertugas di lapangan. Istilah persekusi sendiri selama ini erat dikaitkan dengan bentuk kekerasan yang terjadi secara fisik, merundung orang beramai-ramai. Sementara doxing, diketahui sebagai bentuk membuka identitas seseorang untuk kemudian beramai-ramai dihujat, atau tindakan penyelewengan lainnya. Kasus doxing terbaru terjadi pada jurnalis Liputan 6.com, Cakrayuri Nuralam. Peristiwa ini terjadi ketika ia menulis artikel tentang cek fakta untuk verifikasi adanya isu kalau politisi PDI Perjuangan Arteria Dahlan cucu dari pendiri PKI di Sumatra Barat (sumber: www.detik.com, 24/9/2020) Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuktikan adanya pola baru viktimisasi terhadap jurnalis di Indonesia dalam hal ini adalah persekusi doxing. Dengan menggunakan metode wawancara mendalam terhadap beberapa narasumber dari kalangan jurnalis ataupun organisasi jurnalis, penelitian berhasil menemukan kesamaan pola terjadinya persekusi doxing.

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This research discusses the doxing persecution that occurs in journalists today. It's not just lifestyles that are experiencing a shift in the digital era like now. The form of violence against journalists has also changed. Persecution that is carried out, a term that is still quite common in violence against journalists, which so far is less known that violence only occurs when journalists are in the field. The term persecution itself has always been the management of disasters with violence that occurs physically, harassing people in large groups. Meanwhile, doxing is known as a form of revealing one's identity and then getting blasphemed or other acts of abuse. The latest doxing case happened to Liputan 6.com journalist, Cakrayuri Nuralam. This incident occurred when he wrote an article about a fact check to bring up the problem if PDI-P politician Arteria Dahlan was the grandson of the PKI founder in West Sumatra (source: www.detik.com, 24/9/2020) This research was conducted to prove new patterns of victimization. Against Indonesian journalists in this case is doxing execution. By using the in-depth interview method with several sources from journalists and journalist organizations, the research was able to find patterns of persecution."