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"Makalah ini mengulas bagaimana mekanisasi pertanian mempengaruhi Kamboja. Mekanisasi pertanian, lonjakan global mesin pertanian, muncul untuk mencukupi peningkatan permintaan produk pertanian akibat pertumbuhan populasi dan tingkat pendapatan dengan produksi pertanian yang efisien, lebih tinggi, dan produktif. Peningkatan inovasi teknologi yang sejalan dengan sektor pertanian menjadi perhatian penting di pasar pertanian Kamboja, yang mempunyai pengaruh positif dalam mendorong produksi yang lebih tinggi, kecukupan pangan, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Kapasitas pemanfaatan mekanisasi pertanian sangat penting untuk menentukan intensitas hasil produksi. Dengan volume ekspor pertanian yang tinggi, Kamboja produktif dalam memanfaatkan inovasi teknologi dalam produksi pertaniannya. Mekanisasi pertanian telah menggantikan input produksi manual, seperti sapi dan petani yang kurang terampil di Kamboja, dengan mesin untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas pertanian, yang berkontribusi pada berkurangnya lapangan kerja di sektor pertanian. Untuk melindungi tenaga kerja, menghilangkan inefisiensi pasar dan kerugian akibat mekanisasi pertanian, pemerintah dapat menerapkan kebijakan pengurangan upah minimum dan subsidi yang menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan berikut.

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This study assess how Agricultural Mechanisation affects Cambodia. Agricultural mechanisation, the global surge of agricultural machinery, arises to suffice the increasing demand of agricultural products due to the growing population and income level with an efficient, higher, and productive agricultural production. Improvement of technological innovation that coincides with the agricultural sector is an important concern in the agricultural market of Cambodia, which has a positive influence to promote higher production, food- sufficiency, and economic growth. Utilisation capacity of agricultural mechanisation is crucial to determine production output intensity. With high agricultural exports volume, Cambodia is productive in utilising technological innovations in their agricultural production. Agricultural mechanisation has been substituting manual production inputs, such as cattle and less skilled farmers in Cambodia, with machineries to increase agricultural efficiency and productivity, which contributes to a lower employment in the agricultural sector. To protect labours, eliminate market inefficiencies and losses due to agricultural mechanisation, the government can enforce the policy of minimum wage reduction and subsidy which serve as the solution to solve the following concerns."

"Berbagai literatur menjelaskan bahwa penerapan praktik pertanian berkelanjutan berdampak positif terhadap pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan serta peningkatan kualitas hidup penduduk dalam jangka panjang. Namun, penerapan praktik ini di Indonesia masih sangat terbatas. Rendahnya rasio kepemilikan lahan diduga memberikan dampak negatif terhadap penerapan praktik tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis keterkaitan kepemilikan lahan pertanian dengan penerapan praktik pertanian berkelanjutan. Sumber utama data yang digunakan berasal dari Survei Struktur Ongkos Usaha Tanaman Pangan 2017. Metode OLS dan 2SLS diterapkan untuk mengestimasi dampak kepemilikan lahan pertanian. Hasil regresi menunjukkan bahwa lahan milik sendiri memotivasi petani untuk menerapkan praktik pertanian berkelanjutan.

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Many literatures explain that adoption of sustainable agriculture practices has positive impact for meeting food needs and improving population life quality in the long run. However, adoption of this practice in Indonesia is still very limited. The low land ownership ratio is guessed to have a negative impact on adoption of these practices. This research aimed to analyze relationship between agricultural land ownership and adoption of sustainable agriculture practices. The main source is 2017 Food Crop Cost Structure Survey. OLS and 2SLS methods are applied to estimate the impact of agricultural land ownership. Regression results indicate that private land motivates farmers to adopt sustainable agricultural practices."

"Pelindungan hak-hak petani atas tanah secara normatif sudah ditegaskan di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria. Namun secara empiris, petani masih belum mendapatkan kesejahteraan dari tanahnya. Sedangkan, kehidupan dan penghidupan mereka sangat tergantung dari sumber daya tersebut. Bahkan, beberapa petani memiliki luasan tanah yang sangat kecil sehingga mereka tidak dapat mencukupi kebutuhan hidupnya. Petani gurem semacam itu sangat membutuhkan Pelindungan terhadap hak-hak atas tanah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengamati ketentuan hukum di Indonesia yang mengatur tentang Pelindungan dan pemberdayaan petani. Selain itu juga mengamati implementasi kebijakan untuk melindungi dan memberdayakan petani gurem dalam kerangka reforma agraria. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian hukum ini adalah non-doktrinal dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosio-legal. Hal ini guna mengumpulkan data primer yakni melalui studi lapangan dan data sekunder melalui studi kepustakaan. Selanjutnya, data tersebut dianalisis secara kualitatif. Dari hasil analisis dapat dinyatakan bahwa Pelindungan dan pemberdayaan petani dalam ketentuan hukum di Indonesia cenderung meluas dan seringkali terjadi tumpang tindih kewenangan. Selain itu pengaturan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja banyak mengancam hak-hak petani atas tanah. Selanjutnya pelaksanaan Pelindungan dan pemberdayaan petani melalui reforma agraria belum optimal dikarenakan penggunaan Hak Milik Bersama sebagai alas hak. Juga pemberdayaan petani yang melalui program pemerintah seringkali masih terpecah-pecah dan cenderung sektoral.

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The normative protection of farmers' rights to land has already been affirmed within Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning the Basic Principles of Agrarian Affairs. However, empirically, farmers are still not reaping prosperity from their land. Their lives and livelihoods, however, heavily rely on these resources. In fact, some farmers possess very small land holdings that do not sufficiently meet their basic needs. Farmers in such marginalized situations critically require protection for their land rights. The objective of this research is to examine the legal provisions in Indonesia that regulate the protection and empowerment of farmers. It also scrutinizes the implementation of policies to protect and empower marginalized farmers within the framework of agrarian reform. The method employed in this legal research is non-doctrinal, using a socio-legal approach to gather primary data through field studies and secondary data through literature review. Subsequently, the data is qualitatively analyzed. From the analysis results, it can be stated that the protection and empowerment of farmers within legal provisions in Indonesia tend to expand and often lead to jurisdictional overlaps. Furthermore, the regulations within Law Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation significantly threaten farmers' land rights. Moreover, the implementation of protection and empowerment of farmers through agrarian reform has not been optimal due to the use of Collective Ownership Rights as a basis for rights. Also, government-led empowerment programs for farmers often remain fragmented and tend to be sectoral."

"Pertanian kontrak telah lama diterapkan di Indonesia namun baru menunjukkan tren kenaikan dalam beberapa waktu terakhir melalui inisiatif sektor swasta. Jaminan pembelian dan kepastian harga telah mendorong petani untuk bergabung, namun, pelanggaran masih terjadi dalam proses berjalannya kontrak pertanian yang sedang berkembang. Dalam tulisan ini, upaya telah dilakukan untuk menjelaskan pada stabilitas kontrak dilakukan oleh petani dan swasta agro-industri di daerah pertanian cabai Jember ini. Secara khusus, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan faktor-faktor penentu keputusan penyimpangan petani terhadap kontrak atas dasar survei yang melibatkan metode daftar beberapa harga untuk memperoleh karakteristik individu yang diambil dari perspektif ekonomi perilaku. Menggunakan regresi probit dikendalikan oleh karakteristik demografi, studi ini menemukan bahwa preferensi present bias dan individual discount factor berpengaruh secara signifikan kemungkinan penyimpangan tindakan. Hasilnya juga menunjukkan bahwa keputusan petani secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa karakteristik pertanian, termasuk keputusan koordinator, ukuran tanah, harga yang diharapkan, dan pengalaman bertani cabai.

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Contract farming has been long applied in Indonesia but has just revealed its ascending trend in the recent time through private sector initiatives. The purchase guarantee and price certainty have induced farmers to join. However, deviation still exists among them, shadowing the stability in its developing process. In this paper, an effort has been made to shed a light on the stability of contract practiced by farmers and private agro-industry in Jember?s chili farming areas. Specifically, this study attempts to find the determinants of farmer?s deviation decision towards contract on the basis of survey involving multiple-price list method to elicit individual characteristics drawn from perspective of behavioral economics. Using probit regression controlled by demographic characteristics, this study finds that present-bias preference and individual discount factor affect significantly the likelihood of deviation act. The result also suggests that farmers? decision is significantly affected by several farming characteristics, including coordinator?s decision, land size, expected price, and chili farming experience."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh produksi padi yang berfluktuasi setiap tahun (kadangkala surplus, pada waktu lain defisit). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor penyebab produksi padi berfluktuasi, menganalisis dampak degradasi lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh teknik budidaya pertanian padi sawah, mengevaluasi sistem pertanian padi sawah di Indonesia, dan merumuskan konsep sistem pertanian padi sawah yang berkelanjutan. Pendekatan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan metode survey. Metode statistik berupa ukuran pemusatan, analisis koefisien korelasi, dan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dilakukan pada penelitian ini. Metode lain adalah analisis deskriftif dan metode scoring. Lokasi penelitian mencakup 11 lokasi yang mewakili tiga tipe curah hujan (monsunal, equatorial, lokal) di Indonesia.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi padi yang menurun disebabkan oleh faktor iklim regional (osilasi Selatan), serangan hama penyakit (tikus dan wereng coklat), umur varietas padi yang ditanam (varietas padi berumur pendek), dan irigasi. Pertanian padi sawah juga tidak efisien pada penggunaan unsur hara, timbulnya lapisan kedap air, dan emisi gas rumah kaca (CH4, N2O, H2O, dan CO2). Lapisan kedap air memicu banjir dan longsor untuk lingkungan di sekitar persawahan. Hasil evaluasi pertanian padi sawah menghasilkan nilai 13 yang berarti bahwa pertanian padi sawah yang saat ini berlangsung adalah tidak berkelanjutan. Rekomendasi yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini adalah konsep sistem pertanian padi sawah berkelanjutan yang mencakup aspek ruang, waktu, keanekaragaman varietas padi, dan teknologi budidaya pertanian padi sawah.

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This research is motivated by fluctuating rice production every year ( sometimes a surplus, at other times the deficit ). The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors causing rice production fluctuates, analyze the impact of environmental degradation caused by lowland rice cultivation techniques, evaluating systems in Indonesian rice paddy farming, farming systems and formulate the concept of sustainable lowland rice. The approach used in this study is a quantitative survey method. Statistical methods such as measures of central tendency, correlation coefficient analysis, and analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) was performed in this study. Another method is the descriptive analysis and scoring methods. Location of the study includes 11 sites representing three types of rainfall ( monsoon , equatorial , local ) in Indonesia.

The results showed that rice production is declining due to regional climatic factors (Southern oscillation), attack of pests (rats and brown planthopper), age rice varieties planted (varieties of rice shortlived ), and irrigation. Lowland rice farming is also inefficient in the use of nutrients , the incidence of water-resistant coating, and greenhouse gas emissions (CH4 , N2O , H2O , and CO2). Waterproof coating triggered floods and landslides to the environment in the surrounding rice fields. The results of the evaluation of lowland rice farming produces 13 which means that the value of agricultural land paddy which is currently in progress is not sustainable. Recommendations are generated in this study is the concept of sustainable lowland rice farming systems that include aspects of space, time, diversity of rice varieties and rice paddy agriculture cultivation technology."

"Farmers are rational in decision making process with respect to any introduced agricultural technology. Farmers may consider the economic sacrifices in term of additional cost and potential benefit or additional income before they accept and adopt the introduced technology. This study aimed to analyze farmer’s criteria and determine explanatory variables affecting farmer’s decision to accept or to adopt submergence tolerant (Sub-1) rice varieties at flash flood and flood prone affected rice area. The study was conducted in Indramayu District, West Java, and Kayu Agung District, South Sumatra. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) that derived Willingness to Accept (WTA) approach was exercised to analyze explanatory variables that influence farmers’ willingness to accept introduced rice varieties. The results showed that the economic cost of flooding that damaged rice was about US$7.63 million in Kayu Agung and US$11.25 million in Indramayu in every wet season planting. Farmer’s criteria used in submergence tolerant varietal evaluation varied and location specific in nature. Most of explanatory variables used in the model were significantly influenced farmers’ WTA for submergence tolerant rice varieties such as: (1) availability of seed, (2) submergence tolerant for more than 14 days, (3) high yield, (4) proffer rice taste, (5) households’ income during normal year, (6) area planted during normal year, and (7) age of farm household head. The only indicator that did not significantly influence the farmers’ WTA for the Sub-1 rice varieties was farm household income during the flood year cropping."