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"The Indonesia economy has achieved a remarkable transformation from an agricultural economy to a modern economy that is estimated to growth at a high rate of 6 percent.Sustaining it requires the continual adoption of economic reforms

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"Ketika Putaran Doha resmi dibuka di Doha, Qatar pada November 2001. Negara anggota WTO menyetujui putaran ini dinamakan ?Doha Development Agenda" (DDA). Sebagian besar Negara berkembang berpendapat bahwa putaran perundingan perdagangan sebelumnya telah menciptakan aturan-aturan yang hanya menguntungkan Negara-negara maju yang berpendapatan tinggi dan mendominasi perdagangan global saat ini. Tulisan ini menyajikan informasi-informasi pada perkembangan perundingan dalam DDA di bidang pertanian, Dalam rangka meningkarkan reformasi pertanian guna memperoleh sistem perdagangan global yang lebih adil dan sederajat, tulisan ini memberikan gambaran proposal dan posisi yang ditunjukkan oleh Negara-negara berkembang dolam perundingan-perundingan WTO dalam 3 pilar permalahan, yaitu akses pasar (market access), dukungan dalam negeri (domestic support, dan subsidi ekspor (export subsidies)."

"[This book grasps the opportunity to show the strength of AGMEMOD in terms of baseline analysis at detailed regional and market levels, supported by an experienced team of country-based modellers. This analysis, produced using the AGMEMOD model, will be of interest to researchers working in the field of agricultural policy analysis as well as to policy makers from both the European Commission and its member states’ agriculture ministries., This book grasps the opportunity to show the strength of AGMEMOD in terms of baseline analysis at detailed regional and market levels, supported by an experienced team of country-based modellers. This analysis, produced using the AGMEMOD model, will be of interest to researchers working in the field of agricultural policy analysis as well as to policy makers from both the European Commission and its member states’ agriculture ministries.]"

"Kabupaten Tangerang merupakan salah satu daerah tingkat dua yang menjadi bagian dari wilayah Propinsi Banten. Terletak pada posisi geografis yang strategis. Dipilihnya kawasan industri di Kabupaten Tangerang karena letak yang strategis tersebut menyebabkan Kabupaten Tangerang sebagai bagian dari pusat pertumbuhan industri wilayah Indonesia bagian barat. Analisa pada penelitian ini menggunakan analisa deskriptif yang menjelaskan terjadinya peralihan potensi lahan menjadi kawasan industri. Potensi lahan di dapatkan dari hasil scoring dan overlay. Pemberian nilai ini mengacu pada variabel (topografi, litologi, kemampuan tanah dan hidrologi) yang di jumlah dan di kali dengan variabel pembatas (banjir, erosi, dan salinitas tanah) untuk selanjutnya di analisa mengenai peralihan potensi lahan, dimana lahan yang harusnya sangat baik untuk pertanian beralih fungsi menjadi kawasan industri.

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Tangerang District is one of the two levels that are part of the Banten Province. Located in a strategic geographical position. Choosing the industrial area in Tangerang District as a strategic location in the Tangerang District as a central part of the growth industry of the western part of the Indonesian. Analysis on this research using descriptive analysis that describes the potential of a transition into industrial land. Potential land available in the scoring and results from the overlay. The provision of this value to the variables (topography, litologi, the ability to land and hydrology) and the number of times in the variable divider (floods, erosion, and soil salinity) for further analysis on the potential of the land, where the land should be very good for agricultural area of its functions into the industry."

"This thesis uses general equilibrium model to examine the economic impact of ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) on Indonesia. The analysis covers how price and quantity change in response to tariff liberalization under ACFTA framework. Demand and supply elasticity is needed to calculate welfare effects. Difference-in-differences method is applied to estimate demand elasticity while supply elasticity is calculated through Instrumental Variable (IV) regressions using tariff as an instrument. The results show that Indonesia's demand is elastic enough and supply to Indonesia is fairly elastic. Indonesia consumers are willing to substitute products between different sources due to price changes. ACFTA would increase production quantity for all member countries but had insignificant effect on reducing price of goods. Furthermore, I confirm result from existing literature that trade creation effect is dominated than trade diversion effect."

"This study investigates the impact of the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) on Indonesia's agricultural exports to Japan, focusing on how tariff reduction or eliminations under the agreement influence Indonesia’s agricultural exports. Utilizing a gravity model and Difference-in-Difference (DiD) method, the findings reveal that while tariff reductions are crucial for enhancing trade, the anticipated benefits of IJEPA on Indonesia’s overall agricultural exports may not be immediately evident. However, the agreement has shown a positive and significant impact on the export of raw agricultural products, suggesting that Indonesia could benefit from focusing on these goods. This highlights the need for addressing non-tariff measures, improving export infrastructure, and leveraging the comparative advantages offered by IJEPA to boost raw agricultural exports to Japan.

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Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) terhadap ekspor agrikultur Indonesia ke Jepang, dengan fokus pada bagaimana penghapusan atau penurunan tarif dalam perjanjian tersebut mempengaruhi ekspor agrikultur Indonesia ke Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan model gravity dan metode Difference-in-Difference (DiD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun pengurangan tarif sangat penting untuk meningkatkan perdagangan, manfaat yang diharapkan dari IJEPA terhadap ekspor agrikultur Indonesia mungkin tidak segera terlihat. Namun, perjanjian tersebut menunjukkan dampak positif dan signifikan terhadap ekspor produk agrikultur mentah, yang mengindikasikan bahwa Indonesia dapat mengambil manfaat dengan fokus pada produk-produk ini. Hal ini menekankan perlunya mempertimbangkan hambatan non-tarif (non-tariff measures), meningkatkan infrastruktur ekspor, dan memanfaatkan keunggulan komparatif yang ditawarkan oleh IJEPA untuk meningkatkan ekspor produk agrikultur mentah ke Jepang."

"After around a decade since the Asian financial crisis,the Indonesia economy has still experienced a realatively slow growth.The growth has tended to increase,but is considerably lower than of the pre-crisis era

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"Makalah ini mengulas bagaimana mekanisasi pertanian mempengaruhi Kamboja. Mekanisasi pertanian, lonjakan global mesin pertanian, muncul untuk mencukupi peningkatan permintaan produk pertanian akibat pertumbuhan populasi dan tingkat pendapatan dengan produksi pertanian yang efisien, lebih tinggi, dan produktif. Peningkatan inovasi teknologi yang sejalan dengan sektor pertanian menjadi perhatian penting di pasar pertanian Kamboja, yang mempunyai pengaruh positif dalam mendorong produksi yang lebih tinggi, kecukupan pangan, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Kapasitas pemanfaatan mekanisasi pertanian sangat penting untuk menentukan intensitas hasil produksi. Dengan volume ekspor pertanian yang tinggi, Kamboja produktif dalam memanfaatkan inovasi teknologi dalam produksi pertaniannya. Mekanisasi pertanian telah menggantikan input produksi manual, seperti sapi dan petani yang kurang terampil di Kamboja, dengan mesin untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas pertanian, yang berkontribusi pada berkurangnya lapangan kerja di sektor pertanian. Untuk melindungi tenaga kerja, menghilangkan inefisiensi pasar dan kerugian akibat mekanisasi pertanian, pemerintah dapat menerapkan kebijakan pengurangan upah minimum dan subsidi yang menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan berikut.

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This study assess how Agricultural Mechanisation affects Cambodia. Agricultural mechanisation, the global surge of agricultural machinery, arises to suffice the increasing demand of agricultural products due to the growing population and income level with an efficient, higher, and productive agricultural production. Improvement of technological innovation that coincides with the agricultural sector is an important concern in the agricultural market of Cambodia, which has a positive influence to promote higher production, food- sufficiency, and economic growth. Utilisation capacity of agricultural mechanisation is crucial to determine production output intensity. With high agricultural exports volume, Cambodia is productive in utilising technological innovations in their agricultural production. Agricultural mechanisation has been substituting manual production inputs, such as cattle and less skilled farmers in Cambodia, with machineries to increase agricultural efficiency and productivity, which contributes to a lower employment in the agricultural sector. To protect labours, eliminate market inefficiencies and losses due to agricultural mechanisation, the government can enforce the policy of minimum wage reduction and subsidy which serve as the solution to solve the following concerns."

"Kajian literatur ini menjelaskan bahwa kepentingan aktor Non-Governmental Organization dan negara turut berperan dalam pemilihan tema fair trade yang diadopsi oleh berbagai aktor dalam hubungan internasional. Masuknya fair trade ke dalam proteksionisme tidak lepas dari adanya publisitas negatif terhadap salah satu tema fair trade. Kajian ini memetakan tiga tema utama dari fair trade, yakni: Fair Trade Movement, Fair Trade Laws, dan Fair Trade menurut Stiglitz. Kajian literatur ini juga menemukan bahwa dari tiga istilah tersebut terindikasi bahwa Fair Trade Movement mungkin proteksionisme, Fair Trade Laws adalah proteksionisme, dan Fair Trade menurut Stiglitz bukanlah proteksionisme.

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This literature review explains that the interests of Non-Governmental Organizations and state played a role in the selection of fair trade theme adopted by various actors in international relations. The inclusion of fair trade into protectionism is caused by negative publicity against one of the themes of fair trade. This literature review identifies three major themes of Fair Trade. They are Fair Trade Movement, Fair Trade Laws, and Fair Trade according to Stiglitz. This literature review found that the Fair Trade Movement could be protectionism, Fair Trade Laws is protectionism, and Fair Trade in general is not protectionism."