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"Result of experiment indicate that the best refrigeration in ices mixture use, sea water dry ice with the comparison (2:1:0,75) yielding refrigeration ability of during 55 clock with the average temperature of experiment 6 C and also able to degrade the temperature of early mean in coolbox till....."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang evaluasi terkait dengan opsi pengembangan LPG Plant untuk mendapatkan revenue yang maksimal di Lapangan ?X? sebagai produk tambahan dan nilai tambah selain komponen gas alam dan kondensat. Proses dasar LPG dari gas umpan adalah dengan menggunakan sistem Turbo Expander. Simulasi proses menunjukkan gas umpan dari Lapangan ?X? dapat menghasilkan produk LPG sebesar 84,89 ton per hari, kondensat sebesar 78,61 barel per hari dan lean gas sebesar 11,66 mmscfd selama 15 tahun. Dari sisi Kontraktor pengembangan LPG Plant di Lapangan ?X? dengan menggunakan metode Skenario A (skema processing fee) memiliki indikator ke-ekonomian terbaik dengan pendapatan untuk Kontraktor (NPV 12,5%) sebesar US$ 92,24Juta (skema PSC) dan sebesar US$ 167,76Juta (skema Non PSC). Dan dari sisi Pemerintah Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode Skenario B (skema EPCI) memiliki indikator ke-ekonomian terbaik dengan pendapatan untuk Pemerintah Indonesia (NPV 12,5%) sebesar US$ 176,60Juta (skema PSC) dan sebesar US$ 100,24Juta (skema Non PSC). Analisis sensitivitas terhadap pengembangan LPG Plant di Lapangan ?X? menunjukkan bahwa parameter yang paling mempengaruhi ke-ekonomian adalah harga jual LPG.

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ABSTRACTThis tesis is discussing about evaluation plan of LPG extraction plant to obtain the maximum revenue in Lapangan "X" as additional product and added value from the existing ones which are natural gas and condensate. Selected process for LPG recovery is Turbo Expander. Process simulation shows the feed gas from Lapangan "X" can produce LPG products amounted to 84.89 tons per day, condensate 78,61 barel per days and lean gas 11,66 mmscfd for 15 years. From Contractor side the project development of LPG Plant in Lapangan "X" using Scenario A (schematic processing fee) has the best indicator economy with revenue obtained for Contractors (12.5% NPV) US $ 92,24MM (scheme PSC) and US $ 167,76MM (scheme Non PSC). And on the side of the Government of Indonesia using Scenario B (scheme EPCI) has the best indicator of all economies obtained revenue for the Government of Indonesia (NPV 12.5%) of US $ 176,60MM (scheme PSC) and amounted 100,24MM (scheme Non PSC). Sensitivity analysis on the development of LPG Plant in Lapangan "X" indicates that the parameter that most affects all economies is price of LPG."

"Untuk mengantisipasi ketergantungan impor LPG, perlu dilaksanakannya studi pemanfaatan energi alternatif subtitusi LPG. Salah satu alternatif subtitusi LPG adalah Dimetil Eter (DME) yang dapat dihasilkan dari gas alam (CH4). Proses produksi Dimetil Eter (DME) dari gas alam (CH4) dilakukan melalui 3(tiga) tahapan yaitu: sintesis gas, sintesis DME (direct method), dan pemurnian DME. HYSYS process simulation software model-based sebagai representasi pabrik DME digunakan untuk menganalisis 3(tiga) tahapan produksi DME. Teknologi yang diterapkan untuk memproduksi DME ialah teknologi direct method dimana dengan umpan gas alam sebesar 70 MMscfd mampu menghasilkan DME sebesar 658,9 ton/hari dengan tingkat kemurnian 99,99%. Perolehan produksi pabrik DME ini mampu mengurangi ketergantungan impor LPG di Indonesia sebesar 7% pada tahun 2018. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan keekonomian diperoleh biaya kapital (CAPEX) pabrik DME sebesar $57.818.702 dan biaya operasional (OPEX) sebesar $148.232.914/tahun. Dengan asumsi harga beli gas $6/MMBtu dan harga jual DME $833/ton (10% dibawah harga jual LPG), maka didapatkan IRR sebesar 44% dan NPV sejumlah $64.012.840 dengan masa pengembalian selama 5 tahun. Dari perolehan IRR dan NPV tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pabrik DME ini layak untuk didirikan dikarenakan nilai IRR (44%) lebih besar dari MARR (20%) dan NPV bernilai positif. Dari analisis sensitivitas diperoleh bahwa parameter harga jual DME bersifat sensitif terhadap NPV, dan parameter harga beli gas bersifat sensitif terhadap IRR dan PBP.

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To anticipate the LPG import dependency, required a study to look for an alternative energy as subtitution of LPG. One alternative is substituting LPG with Dimethyl Ether (DME) which can be produced from natural gas (CH4). The production process of Dimethyl Ether (DME) from natural gas (CH4) is done through three stages, namely: synthesis gas, DME synthesis (direct method), and DME purification. HYSYS Process simulation as a representation of the modelbased DME plant is used to analyze 3(three) stages of DME production. The technology applied for DME production are direct method technology where with feed natural gas (CH4) of 70 MMscfd are able to produce DME at 658,9 tonnes/day with a purity level of 99,99%. DME yield from this plant is capable to reduce import dependency of 7% in 2018.

Based on the economical analysis calculation, the total capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operasional expenditure (OPEX) of this DME plant are $57.818.702 and $148.232.914/year respectively. Assuming gas purchase price $6/MMBtu and DME sale price $833/tonnes then obtained an IRR 44% and NPV $64.012.840 with 5 years of payback period. Hence it can be concluded that this DME plant is feasible due to IRR (44%) is greater than MARR (20%) and NPV value is positive. Sensitivity analysis of DME plant showed that DME selling price variable are sensitive NPV. In addition, gas purchased price variable are sensitive to IRR and PBP (Payback Period)."

"Plasma arc surface hardening is an alternative selective surface hardening method that is effective, economical and a promising technology in heat treatment industries. In the present work, an investigation was carried out to study the hardness distributions of multiple passes insurface hardening of tool steel by plasma arc. The effects of multiple passes with overlapping and non-overlapping scans were investigated. The results show that the hardness is higher at centre of the plasma arc hardening tracks, and then decreasing in the region adjacent to each plasma arc track. It was found that the formation of hardened zone hardness in multiple passes non-overlapping scan is more uniform on the each scan when compared to the overlapping scan. However, hardness distribution of overlapping scan in width direction shows that it was more uniform compared with non-overlapping scan."