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"Study on biodiversity and size structure of sharks in the Indian Ocean was conducted at several landing sites and fish markets,i.e. Pelabuhanratu (West Java),Cilacap (Central Java),Kedonganan (Bali) and Tanjung Luar (East Lombok)...."

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Abstrak

Hiu merupakan salah satu kelompok hewan laut yang terancam keberadaan. Hiu yang tertangkap dan didaratkan di PPN Prigi salah satunya adalah hiu kejen (Carcharhinus falciformis). Tujuan penelitian adalah 1) menganalisis perikanan hiu kejen yang didaratkan di PPN Prigi; 2) menyusun strategi pengelolaan perikanan hiu kejen yang bertanggung jawab. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis struktur ukuran panjang, hubungan panjang berat, nisbah kelamin, tingkat kematangan gonad, CPUE, MSY, ekologi, ekonomi, kelembagaan dan A'WOT. Hasil tangkapan maksimum lestari di perairan Teluk Prigi sebesar 9.934 kg/tahun. Jumlah hasil tangkapan yang diperbolehkan ditangkap (total allowable catch) adalah sebanyak 7.947 kg/tahun.  Penangkapan hiu telah membawa dampak secara ekonomis dan ekologis, yang berdasarkan kedua aspek tersebut penangkapan hiu membawa kerugian bagi nelayan. Hasil tangkapan hiu kejen memiliki kisaran panjang total hiu betina 61-162 cm dan jantan 76-189 cm. Pola pertumbuhan tubuh adalah alometrik negatif. Perbandingan jumlah hiu yang tertangkap adalah 0,45:1. Hiu yang didaratkan di PPN Prigi sebagian besar belum mengalami matang gonad (97%). Berdasarkan analisis alternatif strategi pengelolaan yang dapat dilakukan berdasarkan skala prioritas adalah 1) penguatan peran lembaga-lembaga dalam pengawasan pemanfaatan hiu, (2) penetapan pengaturan penangkapan hiu untuk menghindari overfishing, illegal, unreported, dan unregulated fishing, (3) peningkatan sistem monitoring, controlling, survailance tangkapan hiu.

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Abstract

Sharks are a group of marine animals that its existence is threatened. Kejen shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) is one of the various types of sharks that are caught and landed on it. The aims of study are 1) analyzing the fisheries of Kejen shark that landed at Prigi fishing port; 2) developing responsible kejen shark resource management strategies. This study uses a long-size analysis method, long weight relationships, sex ratio, gonadal maturity, CPUE, MSY, ecological, economic, institutional and A'WOT. Maximum sustainable catch is insulated by Prigi Bay at 8.619 kg/year and the total allowable catch is 6,895 kg/year. The capture continuously to have an impact on economics and ecology, which are based on those two aspects are carrying losses for fishermen. The catch has a total length range of approximately 61-162 cm for female sharks and 76-189 cm for male sharks. The pattern growth is negative allometric. The ratio of the number of sharks captured is 0.45: 1. The sharks that landed at Prigi fishing port are mostly not from mature gonads (97%). Alternative analysis as a management strategy can be carried out based on priority scales including (1) strengthening the role of institutions in monitoring shark utilization, (2) regulation of shark fishing arrangements to avoid over-fishing, illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, (3) improving monitoring systems, controlling, surveillance of shark catches.

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"ABSTRAKTantangan untuk memastikan terpeliharanya kelestarian hiu di Samudera Hindia adalah isu utama pengelolaan sumber daya ikan, meskipun eksploitasi penangkapan masih terjadi. Untuk itu, strategi pengelolaan perikanan yang tepat perlu disusun. Tujuan riset adalah menganalisis keragaan perikanan hiu di Samudera Hindia berdasarkan data nelayan Cilacap, menganalisis kondisi sosial ekonomi nelayan hiu, merinci rantai pemasaran hiu, dan merekomendasikan strategi pengelolaan perikanan hiu agar berkelanjutan. Riset dilaksanakan di Cilacap dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, dengan analisis data deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil riset menunjukan bahwa: (i) Hiu adalah hasil tangkapan sampingan (HTS) pancing rawai tuna (8,8%), jaring insang hanyut (9,66%), dan jaring insang tetap (9,41%), dan ikan target utama pancing rawai hiu. Hiu biru dan hiu tikus adalah hiu yang banyak tertangkap (73%), dengan puncak penangkapan bulan Agustus. Sebagian besar hiu tikus yang tertangkap adalah hiu dewasa, dan sebagian besar hiu mako yang tertangkap adalah hiu yang belum dewasa; (ii) Nelayan hiu di Cilacap didominasi lulusan SD (70,8%) dan berusia sekitar 46-55 tahun (44,2%). Nelayan pancing rawai tuna dan jaring insang tidak termasuk masyarakat miskin. Sebagian besar nelayan menolak campur tangan pemerintah untuk mengelola sumber daya ikan melalui penetapan regulasi baru; (iii) Alur perdagangan hiu di Cilacap dimulai dari nelayan yang menjual hiu langsung tanpa lelang kepada pedagang pengepul untuk selanjutnya diproses menjadi beberapa komoditas yang dipasarkan lokal dan ekspor, dan (iv) Penetapan daerah penangkapan, penetapan jumlah dan ukuran perahu penangkapan ikan, serta penetapan jenis dan ukuran alat tangkap adalah pilihan strategi pengelolaan perikanan hiu dengan tingkat keberhasilan yang paling tinggi. Upaya pelatihan keterampilan baru bagi nelayan juga diperlukan agar tercipta sumber pendapatan lain, sehingga ketergantungan nelayan pada penangkapan ikan dapat dikurangi.

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ABSTRACTThe challenge of ensuring the preservation of sharks in the Indian Ocean is a key issue in the management of shark resources in Indonesia. Therefore, an appropriate fisheries management strategies need to be developed. The research aims to analyze the performance of shark fishery in the Indian Ocean based on Cilacap fisheries data, analyze the socio-economic conditions of shark fishermen, analyze the shark marketing chain, and recommend the shark fisheries management strategy to be sustainable. The research was conducted in Cilacap with a quantitative approach, quantitative and qualitative mixed data collection, also qualitative descriptive and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed those: (i) shark is by-catch as well as the target. The thesher sharks (Alopias pelagicus and Alopias superciliosus) and also blue shark (Prionace glauca) are the dominant sharks caught (73%), with the peak of capture on August. Most of the thesher Sharks caught are adult, and most of the mako sharks (Isurus paucus and Isurus oxyrhincus) are immature; (ii) Research is conducted in Cilacap with quantitative approach, with quantitative and qualitative descriptive data analysis. The results showed that: (i) Sharks were by-catch of tuna longline (8.8%), drift gillnets (9.66%), and bottom gillnets (9.41%), and main target of shark longline. The thesher sharks (Alopias pelagicus and Alopias superciliosus) and also blue shark (Prionace glauca) are the dominant sharks caught (73%), with the peak of capture on August. Most of the caught thesher sharks are adult, and most of the mako sharks are immature; (ii) the shark fisherman in Cilacap dominated primary school graduates (70.8%) and aged around 46-55 years (44.2%). The fishermen of tuna longline and gillnets are not among the poor. Most of them refuse government intervention to manage fish resources through the establishment of new regulations; (iii) the flows of shark trade begins from fishermen selling directly to the collecting traders, then processed for locall and export marketed; and (iv) determination of fishing grounds, the number and size of fishing boats, and establishing the types and sizes of fishing gear are the alternative management strategy with the highest success rate. New skills training for fishermen is also needed in order to create other sources of income, so the dependence on fishing can be reduced."

"Tingginya permintaan pasar terhadap ikan cakalang mengakibatkan aktivitas penangkapannya dilakukan secara terus-menerus sepanjang tahun sehingga dapat mengancam kelestariannya. Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengetahui distribusi frekuensi panjang ikan cakalang secara temporal dan menganalisis tingkat selektivitas alat tangkap purse seine pelagis besar di fishing ground Samudera Hindia bagian timur. Data yang digunakan adalah data panjang cagak ikan cakalang selama Januari s/d Desember 2016 yang didaratkan di PPS Nizam Zachman Jakarta. Analisis data frekuensi panjang dilakukan dengan membandingkan sebaran individu ikan dalam bentuk histogram, dan analisis selektivitas dengan metode skoring berdasarkan komposisi hasil tangkapan, persentase hasil tangkapan layak tangkap dan membandingkan nilai Lc dan Lm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada bulan juli sampai oktober distribusi frekuensi panjang cagak cakalang terbanyak pada rentang kelas 40-45 cm dengan panjang rata-rata 43 cm atau diatas nilai Lm (42,9 cmFL). Sedangkan pada bulan november sampai juni distribusi frekuensi panjang cagak cakalang berada pada nilai dibawah nilai Lm. Panjang ikan cakalang pertama kali tertangkap (Lc) diperoleh nilai 40,83 cmFL dibawah nilai pertama kali matang gonad (Lm) sebesar 42,9 cmFL. Hasil tangkapan utama purse seine pelagis besar selama penelitian yaitu ikan cakalang 42,6% dan hasil tangkapan sampingan sebesar 57,4%. Jumlah cakalang layak tangkap sebesar 26%, sehingga berdasarkan analisis selektivitas, selektivitas alat tangkap purse seine pelagis besar di perairan Samudera Hindia bagian timur memiliki selektivitas rendah.

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The high market demand for skipjack tuna has resulted in its catching activities continuously throughout the year so can be threaten its sustainability. The objectives of this research are to know the temporal length frequency distribution of skipjack tuna and to analyze the level of selectivity of large pelagic purse seine in the Eastern Indian Ocean fishing ground. The data used were length data of skipjack tuna wich unloaded during January to December 2016 at Nizam Zachman Jakarta Fishing Port. Length frequency data analysis was done descriptively by comparing the distribution of individual fish in the form of histogram, whereas the selectivity analysis done by scoring method based on the catch composition, the capture catch percentage and compare the Lc and Lm values.

The results of this research showed that in July to October, highest distribution of the length frequency of skipjack tuna was in the 40-45 class range, with average length value was higher than Lm value of 43 cmFL and 42.9 cmFL, respectively. While from November until June, the length frequency distribution value of skipjack tuna was lower the Lm value. The skipjack tuna minimum length of caught (Lc) was lower than its minimum length of gonad mature (Lm) of 40.83 cmFL and 42.9 cmFL, respectively. The major catches of large pelagic purse seine during this research was skipjack tuna as much as 42.6%, and by-catch by 57.4%. The amount of catchable fish is 26%, so based on selectivity analysis, the selectivity of the large pelagic purse seine fishing gear in the waters of the East Indian Ocean has low selectivity."

"[Salah satu upaya yang perlu dilakukan dalam pengelolaan ikan tuna sirip biru selatan (Southern Bluefin Tuna / SBT) yang saat ini stoknya diperkirakan 9 % dari stok awal (Spawning Stock Biomass) yaitu menjaga agar stok biomassnya kembali pulih dengan mengendalikan kegiatan penangkapannya. Ketersediaan data laju tangkap, panjang cagak dan distribusi area akan menambah informasi dalam kajian pengelolaan sumberdaya ikan SBT di Samudera Hindia. Sampel ikanSBT diperoleh dari hasil tangkapan kapal-kapal long line yang berpangkalan di Pelabuhan Umum Benoa, Bali yang diambil mulai Januari 2012 - Oktober 2014. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, kapal-kapal long line tuna Indonesia mempunyai ratarata laju tangkap dan panjang cagak SBT masing-masing sebesar 0,74±0,77 per 1000 pancing dan 154 ± 29,1 cm. Laju tangkap SBT tertinggi berada pada lokasi area CCSBT 8 (panjang cagak < 100 cm, usia < 4-6 tahun), sedangkan lajutangkap terendah pada area CCSBT 1 yang merupakan daerah spawning ground SBT dewasa (panjang cagak >155 cm, usia > 8 tahun). Kapal-kapal long line tuna Indonesia lebih banyak menangkap SBT dengan ukuran belum layak tangkap (56,88 % dari total komposisi sampel). Uji one way anova menghasilkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan dari nilai laju tangkap dan panjang cagak SBT dengan area CCSBT 1, 2 dan 8.;One of the efforts to support the management of southern blue-fin tuna (SBT) which currently estimated to be at 9% of initial SSB is to maintain the biomass stock in order to recover by controlling the fishing activities. The availability of hook rate data (number of SBT individuals per 1000 hooks) and fork length (FL) and area distribution provides additional information in the study of management SBT in the Indian Ocean. Samples of SBT were collected from long line fishing vessel based at Benoa Port, Bali taken during 2012, January – 2014, October. Based on the analysis, Indonesia long line fishing vessels had hook rate average of 0,74±0,77 per 1000 hooks and FL 154 ± 29,1 cm. The highest hook rate shown in the area of CCSBT 8 (FL less than 100 cm, at age of less than 4 – 6 years), whereas the lowest hook rate occured in the area of CCSBT 1 (FL >,155 cm, age of more than 8 years). Many of the Indonesian long line vessels caught SBT of under size size individuals or about 56,88 % of total sample. The result of one way ANOVA indicates significant difference between value of the SBT hook rate, fork length and CCSBT Area 1, 2 and 8 respectively., One of the efforts to support the management of southern blue-fin tuna(SBT) which currently estimated to be at 9% of initial SSB is to maintain thebiomass stock in order to recover by controlling the fishing activities. Theavailability of hook rate data (number of SBT individuals per 1000 hooks) andfork length (FL) and area distribution provides additional information in the studyof management SBT in the Indian Ocean. Samples of SBT were collected fromlong line fishing vessel based at Benoa Port, Bali taken during 2012, January –2014, October. Based on the analysis, Indonesia long line fishing vessels had hookrate average of 0,74±0,77 per 1000 hooks and FL 154 ± 29,1 cm. The highesthook rate shown in the area of CCSBT 8 (FL less than 100 cm, at age of less than4 – 6 years), whereas the lowest hook rate occured in the area of CCSBT 1 (FL >,155 cm, age of more than 8 years). Many of the Indonesian long line vesselscaught SBT of under size size individuals or about 56,88 % of total sample. Theresult of one way ANOVA indicates significant difference between value of theSBT hook rate, fork length and CCSBT Area 1, 2 and 8 respectively.]"

"Tesis ini membahas beberapa aspek yang mendukung upaya pengelolaan sumber daya ikan tuna sirip biru selatan (Thunnus macoyii Castelnau, 1872) yang tertangkap dari perairan Samudera Hindia dan didaratkan oleh kapal tuna longline di Pelabuhan Benoa Bali yang mencakup : sebaran panjang, hubungan panjang dan berat, faktor kondisi, panjang ikan pertama tertangkap (Lc) dan hasil tangkapan per unit upaya (CPUE). Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 7 (tujuh) bulan dari Maret - September 2011. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa fishing ground ikan SBT di perairan selatan Jawa dan Bali Samudera Hindia terjadi pada akhir musim timur sampai awal musim barat. Distribusi frekuensi ukuran panjang ikan SBT terbanyak pada fork length (FL) antara 171 - 180 cm sebanyak 139 ekor. Hubungan panjang berat yang didapatkan adalah W=0,00002FL2,5925, R2=0,8172 sehingga pola pertumbuhan ikan SBT yang di daratkan di Pelabuhan Benoa bersifat alometrik negatif. Nilai faktor kondisi (K) diperoleh fluktuasi antara 2,29 - 3,37 yang diduga karena adanya perbedaan tingkat kematangan gonad. Panjang pertama kali tertangkap (length at first capture/Lc) ikan SBT selama masa penelitian adalah berukuran 158,2 cm yang diduga ukuran tersebut telah melewati masa ikan melakukan pemijahan/recruitment. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) selama masa penelitian didapatkan cenderung mengalami fluktuasi penurunan yang diindikasikan karena pada bulan masa penelitian telah melewati masa puncak musim penangkapan ikan SBT dari perairan Samudera Hindia.

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This thesis discusses some aspects that support to management efforts for resource of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus macoyii Castelnau, 1872) caught from the waters of the Indian Ocean and landed by tuna longline vessels in the port of Benoa Bali. The focus studies are: distribution of the length, length and weight relationship, condition factor, length at first fish capture (Lc) and the catch per unit effort (CPUE). Research carried out during 7 (seven) months from March to September 2011.

The study concluded that the SBT fishing ground in the waters south of Java and Bali Indian Ocean occurs in late winter to early summer east west. Size frequency distributions of SBT at most fork length (FL) 171-180 cm by 139 SBT. Length and weight relationship obtained is W = 0.00002 FL2,5925, R2=0.8172 so that the growth pattern of SBT is negative allometric. The value of condition factor (K) obtained fluctuation between 2.29 to 3.37 is expected because of differences in levels of gonadal maturity. The length at first capture (Lc) of SBT during the study period was 158.2 cm, this length has passed the fish to spawning/recruitment. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) obtained during the study period tended to decrease as indicated due to fluctuation in the study period has passed the peak of SBT fishing season of the Indian Ocean waters."