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"A mathematical model was developed for evaluating CO2-reduction technologies in power generation, residential, commercial and road transport sector in Japan. The existing and new power generation technologies evaluated included 34 centralized and 8 dispersed power generation technologies in the resedential and commercial energy demand sectors. To take into account the varieties of useful energy and of its demand duration patterns among entities in the demand sectors, the hourly mean power and heating and cooling demand-supply balances in one residential and four commercial representative entities were considered for each month. The road transport sector addressed five types of automotive use. The useful-energy demands are exogenously given; the model calculates the technology installations that satisfy the demands to minimize the total systems cost for each year up to 2030. The availability of the new technologies, i.e., the first years they are installable, is derived from research and development (R&D) process analyses on the basis of surveys to experts. As a result of the model calculation, dispersed molten carbonate and solid oxid fuel cells and onboard gasoliene reforming-type fuel cell vehicle (FCV) technologies are expected to have the largest economic values, approximately 60-120 billion constant 1998 yen (460-920 million U.S dollars (USD)) among the evaluated new CO2-reduction technologies. One of the implications from our calculations is that extending electric power corporations' commercial coverage to dispersed power generation, in addition to centralized power generation, is desirable to help lower overall costs in society, as well as to secure industry profits. "

"The purpose of this study is to examine the process of globalization in the Korean context and resultant changes in major social institutions and cultural values, especilly the impact of the recent economic crisis and subsequent neoliberal reform on traditional confucian values. The financial crisis in 1997 forced the Korean government to ask for IMF loans, to which conditionaly in the form of neoliberal economic reform is costumarily attached. Indeed the IMF is one of the many international organizations through which globalization as a hegemonic ideology propagates neoliberalism to the whole world based on the so-called Washington consensus. the economic crisis and the IMF-led neoliberal reform have resulted in changes in many areas: mass unemployement and employement instability; changes in family roles and marriage patterns; and polarization of income distribution with the shrinking middle class. Neoliberalizm also promotes such values as competitiveness, individualism, materialism, efficiency and instrumental rationality, which are in sharp contrast to thee traditional confucian values. In fact the neoliberal reform following the economic crisis created not only the social environment where confucian legacies can no longer hold, but also value conflicts between the upper and the lower classes and between the younger and the older generations."