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"While cigarette price and tax increases may well reduce cigarette demand and consumption, the positive impact of a tax increase may need to be reinforced by efforts to eliminate illicit trade of tobacco products...."

"Pada pertengahan tahun 2016, terdapat wacana kenaikan harga rokok di atas Rp50.000 untuk mengontrol konsumsi rokok masyarakat yang sangat tinggi dan terus meningkat. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak penurunan konsumsi rokok terhadap perekonomian Indonesia melalui pendekatan Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi SNSE Indonesia tahun 2008 yang telah di disagregasi. Dengan menggunakan analisis angka pengganda multiplier, dekomposisi pengganda dan indeks Theil, skripsi ini menemukan bahwa dampak dari penurunan konsumsi rokok dan mengalihkannya ke komoditas makanan berpotensi memiliki dampak positif terhadap pendapatan faktor dan pendapatan rumah tangga, serta mampu memperbaiki ketimpangan.

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In mid 2016, there is a discourse of rising cigarette prices above IDR 50.000 to control the cigarette consumption by society which is very high and continues to increase. This study aims to analyze the impact of decreasing cigarette consumption on the Indonesian economy through the modified Social Accounting Matrix SAM of Indonesia in 2008. Using the account multiplier matrix, decomposition multiplier and Theil index, this paper found that the impact of decreasing cigarette consumption and diverting it to food commodities has the potential to have a positive impact on factor income and household income, as well as to improve inequalities."

"Meningkatnya angka perokok di DKI Jakarta dan daerah lainnya di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun membuat upaya pengendalian konsumsi rokok perlu dilakukan. Hal ini membuat pemerintah, baik pusat ataupun daerah perlu untuk melakukan upaya pengendalian konsusmi rokok. Salah satu pungutan negara atas rokok adalah Pajak Rokok. Di Indonesia, Pajak Rokok tidak hanya ditujukan sebagai sumber pendapatan daerah, namun juga digunakan untuk pendanaan pelayanan kesehatan serta penegakan hukum. Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk menganalisi efektivitas kebijakan earmarked tax pada pajak rokok di DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan post positivist. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan kebijakan earmarked tax pada pajak rokok dalam pengendalian konsumsi rokok dan produk tembakau lainnya di DKI Jakarta belum efektif. Tidak adanya regulasi di Indonesia yang mengatur mengenai penganggaran atas dana earmarking serta tidak adanya petunjuk teknis khusus yang mengatur mengenai penggunaan pajak rokok untuk pengendalian konsumsi rokok membuat DKI Jakarta tidak menjalankan implementasi earmarked tax pajak rokok yang ideal.

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The increasing number of smokers in Jakarta and other regions in Indonesia from year to year make efforts to control cigarette consumption needs to be done. This makes the Government, both central and local governments need to make efforts to control the consumption of cigarettes. One of the state levies on tobacco is cigarette tax. In Indonesia, Cigarette Tax is not only intended as a source of local revenue, but also used for funding health services and law enforcement. This study is focused on analyzing the effectiveness of the earmarked tax policy on tobacco tax in DKI Jakarta. This research is carried out with a post positivist approach. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of earmarked tax policy on tobacco tax in controlling the consumption of cigarettes and other tobacco products in DKI Jakarta has not been effective. The absence of regulations in Indonesia regarding the budgeting of earmarking funds and the absence of specific technical guidelines regarding the use of cigarette taxes for cigarette consumption controls made DKI Jakarta not ideally implement the policy of earmarked tax on cigarette tax."

"Smoking causes and contributes to a large number of human diseases, yet due to the large number of potentially hazardous compounds in cigarette smoke. almost 5,000 chemicals have been identified, establishing the link between smoking and disease has often proved difficult. This unbiased and scientifically accurate overview of current knowledge begins with an overview of the chemical constituents in cigarette smoke, their fate in the human body, and their documented toxic effects on various cells and tissues. Recent results detailing the many ways components of cigarette smoke adversely affect human health are also presented, highlighting the role of smoking in cardiovascular, respiratory, infectious and other diseases. A final chapter discusses current strategies for the treatment and prevention of smoking-induced illness.Despite the obvious importance of the topic, this is the first comprehensive reference on tobacco smoke toxicity, making for essential reading for all toxicologists and healthcare professionals dealing with smoking-related diseases."

"The development of an international system for the tracking and tracing of tobacco products is likely to form a core component of any future framework convention on tobacco control protocol to govern illicit trade in tobacco product...."

"Konsumsi rokok di Indonesia menduduki posisi terbanyak di wilayah Asia Tenggara pada 2016 dan meningkat sampai di 2018, sehingga beban kerugian kesehatan dan ekonomi bertambah. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perubahan harga rokok dan pendapatan rumah tangga pada keputusan untuk merokok dan jumlah konsumsi rokok oleh perokok berdasarkan kelompok pendapatan di Indonesia tahun 2018. Kategorisasi kelompok pendapatan menggunakan perhitungan Had Kifayah dan nishab zakat serta berdasarkan perspektif ekonomi Islam (Islamic values). Data yang digunakan adalah data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) 2018 dengan unit analisis Kepala rumah tangga sebagai representatif per rumah tangga. Dengan demikian, penulis mengadopsi two-part model untuk mengolah dan menganalisis data serta menggunakan software Stata 15. Model bagian pertama menggunakan model Logit sedangkan bagian kedua metode OLS dalam menjawab dua tujuan tersebut. Hasil penelitian bahwa harga rokok, pendapatan rumah tangga serta karakteristik sosio-demografis mempengaruhi secara signifikan perilaku konsumsi rokok di semua kelompok pendapatan. Total elastisitas harga rokok pada konsumsi rokok secara keseluruhan sebesar -0,811 yang berarti kenaikan harga rokok 10% menyebabkan berkurangnya kemungkinan dan jumlah permintaan rokok sebesar 8,1%. Sedangkan, total elastisitas pendapatan secara keseluruhan adalah 0,975 artinya kenaikan pendapatan per rumah tangga sebesar 10% maka terjadi peningkatan 9,75% pada kemungkinan dan jumlah permintaan konsumsi rokok. Selain itu, kelompok rumah tangga mustahik lebih responsif dalam menghadapi perubahan harga rokok dan pendapatan, di mana elastisitasnya lebih besar daripada rumah tangga muzaki. Sementara itu, rokok dapat dikatakan sebagai barang normal dan bersifat inelastis, namun tidak sesuai dengan teori konsumsi ekonomi Islam.

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Indonesia is cigarette consumption was the highest position in Southeast Asia in 2016. It had increased until 2018 and caused an increased risk of health and economic loss. This study discusses changes in cigarette prices and household income in the decision to smoke, the quantity of cigarette consumption by smokers according to income groups in Indonesia 2018. The categorization of income groups uses the calculation of Had Kifayah and nishab zakat and based on an Islamic economic perspective (Islamic values). This study used the 2018 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) raw data with the Head of the household analysis unit as the household representative. Thus, the authors adopted a two-part model to process and analyze data and use Stata 15. The first part model uses the Logit model while the second part of the OLS method in answering these two objectives. The result of this study is the price of cigarettes, household income, and socio-demographic characteristics significantly influence cigarette consumption behavior in all income groups. The total elasticity of cigarette prices on the overall cigarette consumption is -0,811, which means a 10% increase in cigarette prices caused a decrease in the probability and quantity of cigarette demand by 8.1%. On the other hand, total income elasticity is 0.975 that means an increase in income per household by 10% then an increase of also 9.75% in cigarette consumption behavior. Also, mustahik households can be more responsive in changing the price of cigarettes and income since the elasticity is greater than muzaki households. Meanwhile, cigarettes can be said to be normal goods and inelastic, but it does not fit with consumption theory in Islamic economics."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai proses pembentukan pasar lelang tembakau Indonesia di Bremen sebagai sebuah keberhasilan diplomasi ekonomi. Pemutusan hubungan ekonomi maupun politik Indonesia dengan Belanda pada tahun 1958 berpengaruh terhadap kemacetan ekspor tembakau Indonesia. Sebagai konsekuensinya, pemerintah Indonesia harus memindahkan pasar lelang tembakaunya yang semula dipusatkan di Amsterdam, Belanda. Pada tahun 1959 pasar lelang tembakau Indonesia akhirnya dipindahkan ke Bremen, Jerman Barat. Pemerintah Indonesia dengan pemerintah Jerman Barat berhasil membentuk lembaga DITH Deutsch-Indonesische Tabak Handellschaft yang mana badan tersebut memiliki hak monopoli untuk memasarkan tembakau hasil produksi PPN dan perkebunan rakyat. Kesuksesan diplomasi ekonomi tersebut berpengaruh besar terhadap perubahan ekonomi ataupun sosial. Keputusan pemerintah Indonesia untuk mengambil sikap berani tersebut menjadi penanda bangkitnya ekonomi Indonesia yang mandiri dan terlepas dari penetrasi Belanda. Melalui penelitian dengan menggunakan sumber tertulis maupun tidak tertulis, tesis ini menjelaskan mengenai bagaimana pentingnya peranan diplomasi ekonomi dalam membangun perekonomian nasional pada masa Sukarno.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis describes about the process of the establishment international tobacco auction market in Bremen as a successful diplomacy economy. Discontinuance of economic and politic relation between Indonesia and the Netherlands in 1958 influence toward stagnation of Indonesian tobacco export. As consequences, Indonesian government should to move tobacco auction market from Amsterdam, Netherlands to another country. Finally in 1959, Indonesian tobacco auction market was moved to Bremen, West Germany. Indonesia and West Germany government establish the DITH Deutsch Indonesische Tabak Handellschaft committee that has monopoly right to sell all of Indonesian tobacco export from PPN The Estates Company of the Country and farmers. The successful of the establishment above has big impact for the countries and tobacco farmers especially in economy and social field. The brave decision taken by Indonesian government became the sign of the birth of Indonesian independent national economy that regardless from the Netherlands. Pass through using written and non written sources, this thesis describes the important of diplomacy economy to build national economy in Sukarno rsquo s era. "

"Tobacco smoking,which has been proven to cause various illnesses (lung cancer,emphysema,cardiovascular disease) and early death,has been declared an emergency public health crisis by the World Health Organization (WHO)...."