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"This paper is the fruit of a joint effort by the members of our ACWH center, with the purpose of introducing the common and otherwise methods of tobacco smuggling , and the current system in which to curb such criminal activities in Taiwan...."

"Tobacco smoking,which has been proven to cause various illnesses (lung cancer,emphysema,cardiovascular disease) and early death,has been declared an emergency public health crisis by the World Health Organization (WHO)...."

"The development of an international system for the tracking and tracing of tobacco products is likely to form a core component of any future framework convention on tobacco control protocol to govern illicit trade in tobacco product...."

"ABSTRAKTerbentuknya perjanjian ekstradisi dan bantuan timbal balik dalam masalah pidana antara Pemerintah Republik Indonesia dengan negara-negara lain merupakan upaya strategis dalam rangka meningkatkan kerjasama di bidang penegakan hukum dan pelaksanaan peradilan. Dengan terbentuknya perjanjian ekstradisi tersebut maka para pelaku tindak pidana yang sedang dicari dan melarikan diri keluar negeri tidak dapat lolos dengan mudah dari tuntutan hukum. Walaupun masalah ekstradisi pada dasarnya dipandang sebagai bagian dari hukum internasional, tetapi pembahasannya tidak mungkin hanya ditekankan pada segi hukum internasional saja. Banyak hal yang tidak diatur lebih jauh dalam perjanjian-perjanjian ekstradisi, terutama jika masalahnya merupakan masalah dalam negeri dari masing-masing negara. Tesis ini membahas mengenai Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penyelundupan Manusia Lintas Negara Melalui Perjanjian Ekstradisi dan Bantuan Timbal Balik Dalam Masalah Pidana. Penelitian ini bersifat yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat beberapa kendala dalam praktik pelaksanaan penegakan hukum terhadap pelaku tindak pidana penyelundupan manusia lintas negara berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1979 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2006. Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan secara rinci kendala apa saja yang dihadapi dan bagaimana cara mengatasi kendala-kendala tersebut.

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ABSTRACT

The establishment of extradition agreements and mutual assistance in criminal matters between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and other countries is a strategic effort in the framework of increasing cooperation in the field of law enforcement and the implementation of justice. With the formation of extradition agreements and mutual assistance in criminal matters, the perpetrators of crimes that are being sought and fleeing abroad cannot escape easily from lawsuits. Although the problem of extradition is basically seen as part of international law, the discussion cannot be emphasized only in terms of international law. Many things are not further regulated in extradition agreements and mutual assistance, especially if the problem is a domestic problem from each country. This thesis discusses Law Enforcement Against Actors of Transnational People Smuggling through Extradition Agreements and Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. This research is normative juridical. The results of the study concluded that there were several obstacles in the practice of law enforcement against perpetrators of transnational people trafficking crimes based on Law No. 1 of 1979 and Law No. 1 of 2006. The study also explained in detail what obstacles were faced and how to overcome these obstacles.

 

 

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"ABSTRACTThe tobacco extract has larvicidal activity because it contains nicotine and some toxic compounds. The need toform tobacco extracts in nanoemulsion was due to its smaller particle size, larger surface area, and slow release of activecompounds. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco extract nanoemulsion against Aedes aegypti larvae.Nanoemulsion tobacco extract is made by high energy method using ultrasonication with frequency 20 kHz for 45 minutes.The tobacco extract was mixed with Tween 20 surfactant with the ratios are 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:3 (w/w). From the result,bioassay test of larvicidal nanoemulsion with LC50 was 823.74 ppm (F1:0.5), 702.07ppm (F1:1), and 578.48 ppm (F1:3),lower than LC50 of tobacco leaf extract without nanoemulsion 1022.97 ppm. The decrease in LC50 values was directlyproportional to the decrease in particle size. The lowest LC50 values are obtained by the formula F1:3 with an averageparticle size of 631 nm. This study shows that even if the nanoemulsion was not achieved, the emulsion of tobacco extractis potential to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae effectively, due to lower than 750 ppm LC50 for (F1:1 and F1:3,24 hr)."

"Tesis ini mengulas secara kritis fenomena hegemoni industri rokok di Indonesia, yang salah satunya dibentuk lewat praktik CSR beserta berbagai persoalan implikasi hukum dan sosiologis yang tercipta karenanya. Sejak 2015, Indonesia ditetapkan sebagai salah satu negara dengan angka perokok remaja terbanyak di dunia. Tingginya angka perokok muda membawa berbagai masalah kesehatan dan kesejahteraan akibat konsumsi rokok yang eksesif. Rokok tanpa disadari telah menjadi kelaziman dalam kehidupan sehari- hari masyarakat. Permasalahan tersebut mengakar dari lemahnya regulasi di lapisan substansi hukum, penegakan yang tidak maksimal di tingkat struktur hukum, maupun kelemahan kultur hukum yang menyebabkan tidak optimalnya kerja kebijakan pengendalian tembakau yang ada. Model CSR filantropi yang dijalankan korporasi rokok dalam bentuk beasiswa pendidikan, sponsor acara olahraga dan musik, derma sosial dan sejenisnya, punya andil dalam menciptakan situasi tersebut. Begitupun persoalan pengaturan tentang periklanan rokok subliminal yang membuat produk tersebut semakin terasosiasikan dengan konstruksi sosial tertentu. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa praktik CSR korporasi rokok masih jauh dari prinsip CSR sebagaimana mestinya, baik dalam standar ISO 26000 maupun Pedoman Bisnis dan HAM PBB. Seharusnya CSR berkonsentrasi pada upaya meminimalisir dampak buruk pada masyarakat, dan hal ini menjadi penting karena inti bisnis yang dijalankan berbahaya dan berdampak langsung pada kesehatan masyarakat. Sebaliknya, praktik CSR industri rokok selama ini justru dijadikan celah promosi atas segala pembatasan aturan yang telah dibuat terhadapnya. Lebih dari itu, CSR digunakan sebagai medium untuk mendapatkan legitimasi moral dari masyarakat agar dapat terus beroperasi dan mendominasi pasar. Temuan penelitian empiris menunjukkan adanya pengaruh signifikan antara hegemoni dan hegemoni tandingannya terhadap ekspektasi tanggung jawab sosial korporasi di mata konsumennya: semakin tinggi seorang menganggap industri rokok punya jasa-jasa dan kontribusi positif, semakin rendah pula ekspektasinya akan pertanggungjawaban korporasi rokok. Masyarakat sendiri masih gagal melihat isu etis di dalam penyelenggaraan CSR industri rokok. Solusi alternatif yang bisa ditempuh untuk mengoreksi anomali praktik CSR tadi adalah dengan dua skema: pertama, menghentikan kegiatan CSR filantropi dan mengalihkan pengalokasiannya untuk program kolaborasi dengan pihak ketiga, yang dalam hal ini adalah kelompok kepentingan pengendalian tembakau, dalam hal ini stakeholder di bidang advokasi kesehatan masyarakat, untuk menjalankan program pengendalian peredaran produk rokok dalam bentuk edukasi unit-unit penjualan, agen periklanan; serta kedua, menempatkan agen pengendalian pada unit-unit penjualan yang akan berada di bawah tanggung jawab langsung korporasi rokok.

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This thesis critically reviews the hegemony phenomenon in Indonesian tobacco industry, one of which was believed to be formed through the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices, along with its various legal and sociological implications created upon. Since 2015, Indonesia has been named as one of the countries with the highest number of teen and child smokers in the world. Such phenomenon has been linked into various health and welfare issues which was caused by excessive cigarrette consumption. Cigarrette-smoking had been unwittingly associated as a normal habit in society’s daily lifestyle. Some of these problems rooted in the weak regulations at the level of legal substance, the minimum act of enforcement upon the legal structure, and the permissive legal culture which causing the issued tobacco control policy failing to work optimally. The philantrophic CSR done by tobacco industries in the form of education scholarship, sport or music events sponshorship, charity, and its kind, have a stake in creating such situtaions. Not to mention the regulation problem on subliminal ciggarette advertisement which caused the product associated to particular social construction. The analysis shows that the tobacco corporation has not yet implemented the CSR as it should under the standard of ISO 26000 and UN Guidelines on Business and Human Rights’ regime, whereas the focus must be on minimalizing adverse effect on society. The issue is critical since the core business is classified as dangerous and having direct impact on public health. Instead, CSR mostly used intentionally as a promotional instrument to perpetuate the dominance of tobacco industry, due to all the restriction policy having issued against them. It became a means to gain moral and intellectual legimitacy from the community for the tobacco industry in order to keep on operating its business as usual. The research findings show significant influence between the hegemony and its counter- hegemony on its consumer expectations of business responsibilities: the higher one considers the cigarette industry having positive contributions, the lower the expectations one’s had of corporate responsibility for tobacco industries. Thus, society has been failing and unaware to detect the ethical issues within the implementation of tobacco industry social responsibilty. An alternative solution to correct such anomalous CSR practices is offered within two schemes: First, ceasing the act of corporate philanthropy and diverting its allocation for collaborative program with the third parties, in this case the tobacco control interest group consisting of public health stakeholders including professionals to run product control program in the form of education sales units, advertising agencies; and Secondly, placing controlling agents upon sales units or retails within direct responsibility of the cigarette corporation."

"While cigarette price and tax increases may well reduce cigarette demand and consumption, the positive impact of a tax increase may need to be reinforced by efforts to eliminate illicit trade of tobacco products...."