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"[ ABSTRAK Pada tahun 1998 terjadi dua peristiwa yang memberikan dampak penting terhadap warga etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia.Peristiwa pertama adalah Kerusuhan Mei 1998 yang dilanjutkan oleh peristiwa berikutnya yaitu turunnya Soeharto dari kursi presiden yang menandai berakhirnya pemerintahan Orde Baru. Kerusuhan Mei 1998 yang sarat akan sentimen anti-Tionghoa dan memakan banyak korban warga etnis Tionghoa justru menciptakan sebuah titik balik dalam gerakan warga Tionghoa. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui proses berdirinya organisasi massa bernama Perhimpunan Indonesia Tionghoa (INTI) dan sejauh apa kiprahnya dalam upaya integrasi dengan warga etnis lainnya serta upaya pemenuhan hak WNI keturunan Tionghoa. Sumber-sumber data untuk penelitian ini diperoleh dari buku-buku, jurnal, koran, serta arsip yang didapatkan dari berbagai sumber seperti Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia dan arsip Perhimpunan INTI. Kontribusi dari Perhimpunan INTI tidak begitu disorot dalam koran-koran nasional pada masa awal berdirinya sehingga sumber utama berasal dari wawancara dengan beberapa pendiri organisasi.Tidak semua upaya sepenuhnya dilakukan oleh warga Tionghoa semata tetapi juga terdapat kontribusi dari tokoh-tokoh dengan latar belakang etnis yang berbeda.Ini pun menunjukkan bahwa Perhimpunan INTI berhasil meraih simpati dari berbagai kalangan yang menjadi sebuah langkah awal yang penting dalam upaya integrasi.

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ABSTRACT During 1998, there were two events that had important impacts on Chinese ethnic in Indonesia. The first was May 1998 Riot, which followed by the second event, i.e. the fall of Soeharto and the end of the New Order government in Indonesia. Mei 1998 Riots, which was filled with anti-Chinese sentiment and took a lot of victims of Chinese ethnic, created a turning point in the Indonesian Chinese movement. This research aims to explore the process of the establishment of the Association of the Indonesian Chinese (Perhimpunan INTI) and its contribution tothe integration of the Indonesian Chinese ethnic with other ethnicsas well as thefulfillment ofthe Indonesian Chinese rights. Data is coming from books, journals, newspapers, and archives, which is provided in libraries of ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia) and Association of the Indonesian Chinese. However, its contribution to the above goals is hardly found in national newspapers at the beginning of its foundation; therefore this research will use interviews with some Association of the Indonesian Chinese founders as its main data (information). It is clear from this research that the success of Association of the Indonesian Chinese does not result from Indonesian Chinese efforts alone, but also from other ethnic supports. Those supports have become proves that Association of the Indonesian Chinese has been winning a sympathy from many people.;During 1998, there were two events that had important impacts on Chinese ethnic in Indonesia. The first was May 1998 Riot, which followed by the second event, i.e. the fall of Soeharto and the end of the New Order government in Indonesia. Mei 1998 Riots, which was filled with anti-Chinese sentiment and took a lot of victims of Chinese ethnic, created a turning point in the Indonesian Chinese movement. This research aims to explore the process of the establishment of the Association of the Indonesian Chinese (Perhimpunan INTI) and its contribution tothe integration of the Indonesian Chinese ethnic with other ethnicsas well as thefulfillment ofthe Indonesian Chinese rights. Data is coming from books, journals, newspapers, and archives, which is provided in libraries of ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia) and Association of the Indonesian Chinese. However, its contribution to the above goals is hardly found in national newspapers at the beginning of its foundation; therefore this research will use interviews with some Association of the Indonesian Chinese founders as its main data (information). It is clear from this research that the success of Association of the Indonesian Chinese does not result from Indonesian Chinese efforts alone, but also from other ethnic supports. Those supports have become proves that Association of the Indonesian Chinese has been winning a sympathy from many people.;During 1998, there were two events that had important impacts on Chinese ethnic in Indonesia. The first was May 1998 Riot, which followed by the second event, i.e. the fall of Soeharto and the end of the New Order government in Indonesia. Mei 1998 Riots, which was filled with anti-Chinese sentiment and took a lot of victims of Chinese ethnic, created a turning point in the Indonesian Chinese movement. This research aims to explore the process of the establishment of the Association of the Indonesian Chinese (Perhimpunan INTI) and its contribution tothe integration of the Indonesian Chinese ethnic with other ethnicsas well as thefulfillment ofthe Indonesian Chinese rights. Data is coming from books, journals, newspapers, and archives, which is provided in libraries of ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia) and Association of the Indonesian Chinese. However, its contribution to the above goals is hardly found in national newspapers at the beginning of its foundation; therefore this research will use interviews with some Association of the Indonesian Chinese founders as its main data (information). It is clear from this research that the success of Association of the Indonesian Chinese does not result from Indonesian Chinese efforts alone, but also from other ethnic supports. Those supports have become proves that Association of the Indonesian Chinese has been winning a sympathy from many people.;During 1998, there were two events that had important impacts on Chinese ethnic in Indonesia. The first was May 1998 Riot, which followed by the second event, i.e. the fall of Soeharto and the end of the New Order government in Indonesia. Mei 1998 Riots, which was filled with anti-Chinese sentiment and took a lot of victims of Chinese ethnic, created a turning point in the Indonesian Chinese movement. This research aims to explore the process of the establishment of the Association of the Indonesian Chinese (Perhimpunan INTI) and its contribution tothe integration of the Indonesian Chinese ethnic with other ethnicsas well as thefulfillment ofthe Indonesian Chinese rights. Data is coming from books, journals, newspapers, and archives, which is provided in libraries of ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia) and Association of the Indonesian Chinese. However, its contribution to the above goals is hardly found in national newspapers at the beginning of its foundation; therefore this research will use interviews with some Association of the Indonesian Chinese founders as its main data (information). It is clear from this research that the success of Association of the Indonesian Chinese does not result from Indonesian Chinese efforts alone, but also from other ethnic supports. Those supports have become proves that Association of the Indonesian Chinese has been winning a sympathy from many people.;During 1998, there were two events that had important impacts on Chinese ethnic in Indonesia. The first was May 1998 Riot, which followed by the second event, i.e. the fall of Soeharto and the end of the New Order government in Indonesia. Mei 1998 Riots, which was filled with anti-Chinese sentiment and took a lot of victims of Chinese ethnic, created a turning point in the Indonesian Chinese movement. This research aims to explore the process of the establishment of the Association of the Indonesian Chinese (Perhimpunan INTI) and its contribution tothe integration of the Indonesian Chinese ethnic with other ethnicsas well as thefulfillment ofthe Indonesian Chinese rights. Data is coming from books, journals, newspapers, and archives, which is provided in libraries of ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia) and Association of the Indonesian Chinese. However, its contribution to the above goals is hardly found in national newspapers at the beginning of its foundation; therefore this research will use interviews with some Association of the Indonesian Chinese founders as its main data (information). It is clear from this research that the success of Association of the Indonesian Chinese does not result from Indonesian Chinese efforts alone, but also from other ethnic supports. Those supports have become proves that Association of the Indonesian Chinese has been winning a sympathy from many people.;During 1998, there were two events that had important impacts on Chinese ethnic in Indonesia. The first was May 1998 Riot, which followed by the second event, i.e. the fall of Soeharto and the end of the New Order government in Indonesia. Mei 1998 Riots, which was filled with anti-Chinese sentiment and took a lot of victims of Chinese ethnic, created a turning point in the Indonesian Chinese movement. This research aims to explore the process of the establishment of the Association of the Indonesian Chinese (Perhimpunan INTI) and its contribution tothe integration of the Indonesian Chinese ethnic with other ethnicsas well as thefulfillment ofthe Indonesian Chinese rights. Data is coming from books, journals, newspapers, and archives, which is provided in libraries of ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia) and Association of the Indonesian Chinese. However, its contribution to the above goals is hardly found in national newspapers at the beginning of its foundation; therefore this research will use interviews with some Association of the Indonesian Chinese founders as its main data (information). It is clear from this research that the success of Association of the Indonesian Chinese does not result from Indonesian Chinese efforts alone, but also from other ethnic supports. Those supports have become proves that Association of the Indonesian Chinese has been winning a sympathy from many people.;During 1998, there were two events that had important impacts on Chinese ethnic in Indonesia. The first was May 1998 Riot, which followed by the second event, i.e. the fall of Soeharto and the end of the New Order government in Indonesia. Mei 1998 Riots, which was filled with anti-Chinese sentiment and took a lot of victims of Chinese ethnic, created a turning point in the Indonesian Chinese movement. This research aims to explore the process of the establishment of the Association of the Indonesian Chinese (Perhimpunan INTI) and its contribution tothe integration of the Indonesian Chinese ethnic with other ethnicsas well as thefulfillment ofthe Indonesian Chinese rights. Data is coming from books, journals, newspapers, and archives, which is provided in libraries of ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia) and Association of the Indonesian Chinese. However, its contribution to the above goals is hardly found in national newspapers at the beginning of its foundation; therefore this research will use interviews with some Association of the Indonesian Chinese founders as its main data (information). It is clear from this research that the success of Association of the Indonesian Chinese does not result from Indonesian Chinese efforts alone, but also from other ethnic supports. Those supports have become proves that Association of the Indonesian Chinese has been winning a sympathy from many people., During 1998, there were two events that had important impacts on Chinese ethnic in Indonesia. The first was May 1998 Riot, which followed by the second event, i.e. the fall of Soeharto and the end of the New Order government in Indonesia. Mei 1998 Riots, which was filled with anti-Chinese sentiment and took a lot of victims of Chinese ethnic, created a turning point in the Indonesian Chinese movement. This research aims to explore the process of the establishment of the Association of the Indonesian Chinese (Perhimpunan INTI) and its contribution tothe integration of the Indonesian Chinese ethnic with other ethnicsas well as thefulfillment ofthe Indonesian Chinese rights. Data is coming from books, journals, newspapers, and archives, which is provided in libraries of ANRI (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia) and Association of the Indonesian Chinese. However, its contribution to the above goals is hardly found in national newspapers at the beginning of its foundation; therefore this research will use interviews with some Association of the Indonesian Chinese founders as its main data (information). It is clear from this research that the success of Association of the Indonesian Chinese does not result from Indonesian Chinese efforts alone, but also from other ethnic supports. Those supports have become proves that Association of the Indonesian Chinese has been winning a sympathy from many people.]"

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ABSTRAKSkripsi ini bertujuan untuk membahas peranan PPPKI dalam pergerakan nasional dan melihat sejauh mana ide dan semangat persatuan yang dikembangkan PPPKI mempengaruhi pergerakan di Indonesia. PPPKI didirikan pada tanggal 17 Desember 1927 di Bandung oleh PNI, PSI, Budi Utomo. Pasundan, Kaum Betawi, Sarekat Sumatera dan Indonesische Studieclub dengan tujuan untuk menggalang persatuan dan kerja sama di antara berbagai perhinpunan yang ada di tanah air serta menyamakan arah perjuangan demi menuju kemerdekaan Indonesia. Semula PPPKI berhasil menjalankan fungsinya sebagai wadah pemersatu kalangan pergerakan dengan mengadakan aksi balasan, membentuk dana bantuan nasional dan mengeluarkan program pengajaran nasional. Namun dalam perkembangan sslanjutnya, terjadi perpecahan di antara anggota-anggota PPPKI. Perbedaan-perbedaan yang ada di antara mereka, yang semula tidak dihiraukan akhirnya tidak dapat dihindarkan lagi. Akibatnya PPPKI mengalami kemunduran dan sejak lahun 1935 keberadaan PPPKl sudah tidak terdengar lagi dalam dunia pergerakan Indonesia karena PPPKI tidak pernah mengadakan kegiatan. Meskipun PPPKI nengalami kegagalan sebagai wadah pemersatu, PPKI telah berhasil mengembangkan paham persatuan di antara kalangan pergerakan aan mencapai puncaknya dengan dicetuskannya Sumpah Pemuda. PPPKI juga mendorong perhimpunan-perhimpunan lain untuk saling bekerja sama dengan bergabung membentuk badan federasi atau fusi. Dengan begitu, kalangan pergerakan Indonesia semakin bertambah kuat dalam menentang penjajahan Belanda."

"Kemenangan bangsa Jepang atas bangsa rusia pada perang tahun 1904-1905, adalah awal yang sangat penting bagi perkembangan bangsa Asia. Semangat yang diperlihatkan oleh bangsa Jepang itu menimbulkan pula semangat kepada bangsa asia yang lain. Bangsa Asia yang pada waktu itu banyak terjajah, mulai memberanikan diri untuk melepaskan diri dari ikatan penjajah. Timbulnya kesadaran untuk melepaskan diri dari penjajahan, merupakan awal dari kebangkitan bangsa Asia yang dipelopori oleh bangsa Jepang dalam perang tahun 1904-1905 dimana bangsa asia dapat mengalahkan bangsa asing. Bagi bangsa Indonesia kebangkitan bangsa Asia dan kemenangan bangsa Jepang itu, merupakan pendorong bagi bangsa Indonesia untuk mencapai kemerdekaan. Selain itu kesempatan untuk memperoleh pendidikan bagi bangsa Indonesia melalui politik etis yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah hindia belanda secara langsung telah merobah pola pikir bangsa Indonesia. Bangsa Indonesia mulai sadar akan keadaan dirinya yang terbelakang akibat dari sistem penjajahan. Bangsa Indonesia yang diwakili oleh kaum mudanya mulai menyadari akan manfaat ilmu yang telah dipelajari. Pendidikan barat yang dipelajari telah memberikan cakrawala Baru bagi mereka. Mereka sadar tanpa adanya rasa persatuan diantara sesama pemuda, tidaklah akan tercapai cita.cita kemerdekaan. Kesadaran yang timbul di kalangan muda mulai terlihat pada awal abad ke 20. Hal ini ditandai dengan lahirnya sebuah perkumpulan yang bernama Boedi Oetomo. Lahirnya Boedi Oetomo pada tanggal 20 Mei 1908 adalah awal dari apa yang disebut dengan rasa kebangkitan nasional Indonesia. Boedi Oetomo sebagai organisasi modern pertama di Indonesia telah memberikan dorongan kepada pemuda Indonesia lainnya untuk mendirikan organisasi semacam. Setelah kelahiran dan keberhasilan Boedi Oetomo maka lahirlah perkumpulan-perkumpulan pemuda lainnya. Sifat dari perkumpulan/organisasi pemuda setelah kelahiran Boedi Oetomo mempunyai berbagai macam bentuk dan sifat seperti, bersifat kedaerahan, bersifat politik, bersifat keagamaan dan ada pula yang berbentuk kepanduan . Salah satu organisasi pemuda yang lahir setelah itu adalah Perhimpoenan Peladjar Peladjar Indonesia. Organisasi ini lahir pada bulan September 1926 di Jakarta. Para pendirinya mempunyai tujuan Indonesia merdeka dengan mempersatukan gerakan perjuangan sehingga tidak ada perbedaan antara penjajah dan terjajah Perjuangan PPPI juga ingin mencapai kemakmuran bangsa melalui pemerataan hak dan ekonomi. PPPI dalam melaksanakan kegiatannya banyak bergerak di bidang politik, salah satunya ialah dalam Kongres Pemuda II dimana pada akhirnya terkenal dengan sumpah pemuda. Selain di bidang politik PPPI juga bergerak lapangan, sosial budaya dan juga ekonomi. Kegiatan yang mereka lakukan ini pada dasarnya demi kemajuan bangsa Indonesia, agar tujuan akhir kemerdekaan bangsa dan kemakmuran dapat tercapai serta hapusnya penjajahan dari Indonesia. Sekali lagi untuk mencapai tujuan kemerdekaan mereka para pendiri dan anggota lainnya menginginkan adanya persatuan di kalangan pemuda sehingga kekuatan yang menjadi satu lebih diperhitungkan. Kegiatan PPPI dan Organisasi pemuda lain yang menginginkan tercapainya Indonesia merdeka, tidaklah mendapat dukungan dari pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Pemerintah Hindia Belanda merasa kegiatan pemuda itu adalah suatu ancaman. Peraturan-peraturan yang melarang kegiatan politik dan pengawasan terhadap orang-orang yang dicurigai diberlakukan. Pemuda Indonesia melihat peraturan yang ada tidaklah mundur bahkan terus berjuang dengan tujuan Indonesia merdeka. Bagi PPPI kegiatan mereka tidak berhenti hanya sampai tahun 1932 saja, kegiatan mereka terus berlanjut sampai kedatangan bangsa Jepang. Karena ketakutan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda terhadap kegiatan PPPI mereka membuat USI (Unitas Studiosorum Indonesiensis) tahun 1933, dengan maksud memecah perhatian pelajar yang menjadi anggota PPPI dari kegiatan politik. Bagi yang ingin terus berpolitik mereka tetap memilih PPPI sebagai tempat berjuang."