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"Sebagai salah satu provinsi Usmaniyah, Irak memiliki posisi penting dalam sejarah Islam yang berada pada pusat pertemuan empat sejarah besar. Pertama, di selatan, kawasan gurun yang rawan terhadap serbuan suku-suku Najd ketika muncul gerakan Wahabi. Kedua, di utara dan timur, Iran Syi?ah selama empat abad menjadi pesaing utama Usmaniyah. Ketiga, di barat dan barat laut, Gurun Suriah dan kelompok Negara-negara Levant yang membentuk Suriah Raya merupakan musuh utama yang pada abad ke-20 melanjutkan pertentangan lama antara Abbasiyah (Irak) dan Umayah (Suriah). Keempat, di utara dan barat laut Baghdad, wilayah Kurdi menempati perbatasan dengan Turki, patron Irak selama hampir empat abad. Posisi strategis inilah ? disamping kekayaan minyaknya ? kemudian menyebabkan Irak selalu dalam gelombang pergantian peradaban dan kekuasaan. Setelah dalam kekuasaan Sumeria, Akadia, Babylonia, Asiria, dan Persia, kawasan Mesopotamia ini kemudian diperintah dan dikuasai oleh peradaban Islam. Pada masa peradaban Islam inilah, Irak membangun eksistensinya hingga saat ini. Dinasti Umayyah, Dinasti Abbasiyah, Dinasti Turki Utsmani adalah representasi peradaban Islam yang kemudian banyak mengakar dalam tradisi dan peradaban kawasan sepanjang sungai Tigris dan Euphrat ini. Konflik sektarian ? yang merupakan warisan sejarah dari peradaban Islam ? hingga kini berlajut di Irak. Konflik Sunni dan Syi?ah ini menemukan momentumnya setelah pintu demokrasi terbuka lebar beberapa saat setelah Saddam Hussein tumbang dari kekuasaannya. Kelompok Syi?ah yang sempat terpinggirkan pada periode Saddam Hussein ini, kini kembali muncul ke permukaan dengan meraih suara mayoritas pada pemilu 30 Januari 2005. Sebagai kelompok yang pernah mendominasi pada periode Saddam Hussein, kelompok Sunni-pun menolak hasil pemilu dan menumbuhkan akar konflik baru dalam sejarah modern Irak.

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As one of Ottoman Governorate, Iraq is important position in Islamic history for center of four the big history. First, in south, desert area which gristle to incursion of Najd when emerging Wahabi movement. Second, in north and east, Syi'ah Iran during four centuries becomes the especial competitor to Ottoman Dynasty. Third, in west and northwest, Suriah Desert and Nations of Levant is forming Great Suriah represent the archenemy which is on twentieth century continuing the old opposition between Abbasiyah (Iraq) and Umayyah (Suriah). Fourth, in northwest and north of Baghdad, Kurdi occupied the frontier by Turkey, patron Iraq during four centuries. This strategic position - beside oil properties - is caused Iraq in wave of civilization and power. After in Sumeria power, Akadia, Babylonia, Asiria, and Persian, this Mesopotamia area is governed by Islamic civilization. On Islamic civilization period, Iraq developed up to now. Umayyah Dynasty, Abbasiyah Dynasty, and Ottoman Dynasty is represented of Islamic civilization which is growing on tradition as long as Tigris and Euphrat rivers. Sectarian conflict - representing of Islamic civilization ? have continued in Iraq up to now. Conflict of Sunni and Syi'ah group find its momentum after democracy door opened wide a few moments after Saddam Hussein fall down from its power. Group Syi'ah which have time to be pulled over Saddam Hussein period, nowadays return to emerge to surface reached folly voice the majority of election on 30 January 2005. As a group which has dominated in Saddam Hussein period, Sunni group was refuse result of general election and grow the new conflict root in recent history of Iraq."

"Tesis ini membahas upaya Sultan Hamengku Buwono VII di Kesultanan Yogyakarta dalam menghadapi tekanan masalah internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal adalah konspirasi politik para selir dan para putranya yang dibantu dengan bangsawan lain dalam perebutan posisi putra mahkota. Sementara itu faktor eksternal berupa desakan pemerintah kolonial yang terus membatasi kekuasaannya melalui kontrak-kontrak politik yang harus disepakati.Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi strukturis, dengan Sultan Hamengku Buwono VII sebagai agen, mampu berperan maksimal dalam struktur yang sudah mapan. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan, bahwa Sultan HB VII adalah sosok yang kuat dan cerdik dalam menyelesaikan semua persoalan yang merintangi. Dalam menghadapi tekanan Belanda, dia tidak menggunakan kekerasan, tapi menggunakan taktik mengulur waktu dan menunda kesempatan untuk membuat kesepakatan baru. Dalam menyelesaikan intrik politik internal kraton, dia mampu menyelesaikannya tanpa ada pihak yang merasa dikalahkan.

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This thesis describes the efforts Sultan Hamengku Buwono ( HB) VII in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta in dealing with internal problems and external pressures. The internal factor is the political conspiracy of the mistress and the son who assisted with other nobles in the struggle for the crown prince's position. Meanwhile, external factors such as the insistence that the colonial government continued to restrict his power through political contracts that must be agreed.This research methodology strukturis, with Sultan Hamengku Buwono VII as an agent, able to contribute the maximum in the structure already established. The results of this study concluded, that the Sultan HB VII is a figure of powerful and clever in solving all the problems that hinder. In the face of Dutch pressure, he did not use violence, but to use delaying tactics to gain time and opportunity to make new deals. In completing the internal political intrigue palace, he was able to finish it without any party who feels defeated."

"The political realm according to the theory of Bertrand Resull is the human social interaction in power relation and in the two-side impulse, either to dominate or dominated. The ethics of politics should be the primary tool to connect the two-side impulse. Moreover, Indonesia, as one of the biggest democratic countries in the world, should have implemented the basic principles of he ethics of politics in the legal authorization of the power of the state as well as in the application of the separation of powers (Trias Politica)"

"The political realm according to the theory of bertrand russell is the human social interaction in power relation and in the two-side impulse, either to dominate or dominated. The ethics of politics should be the primary tool to connect the two-side impulse. Moreover, Indonesia, as one of the biggest democratic countries in the world, should have implemented the basic principles of the ethics of politics in the legal authorization of the power of the state as well as in the application of the separation of powers (Trias Politica)"

"This article will clarify political representation of exhibition at Ullèn Sentalu Museum, Monumen Jogja Kembali, and Affandi Museum. These three museums are considered as proponent of Yogyakarta?s identity as the central of Javanese culture, struggle city, and the barometer of Indonesian fine art. The issue then, is it true that in the exhibitions? at the three museums are appropriate with the identity of Yogyakarta, or in the contrary, the exhibitions have no correlation with this city?s identity discourse. There is a possibility that museum precisely bringing self-interest for specific purposes. Therefore, this paper needs to observe how the exhibitions at these museums were implemented. Through interpretive approach, the exhibition at the museum may be analogous similar with language phenomenon, and hence museum is considered as text that can be read and interpreted. Exhibition at the museum was developed within framework of thoughts (ideology), motives, and specific discourses, which all of these are articulated through a set of symbols (collection), that arranged with special layout procedure (display procedure). Thus, museum becomes ?political? since, in this perspective, museum has power over the formation of discourse through their exhibition."

"Penelitian dalam tesis ini membahas tentang pengaruh dan faktor apa saja yang sudah dilakukan Gerakan Hizbullah dalam menjaga persatuan umat dan kebangkitan Islam di Lebanon, dalam kurun waktu tahun 1992-2009. Selain itu penelitian ini membahas dampak hadirnya Gerakan Hizbullah bagi masyarakat Lebanon yang terdiri dari berbagai macam agama dan sekte.Dalam penelitian tesis ini penulis memaparkan beberapa teori yang digunakan seperti, Teori Umat dan Kebangkitan Islam, Teori Persatuan Islam dan Teori Ukhuwah Islamiah. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode studi kasus, yaitu berusaha mendapatkan informasi dari kasus perpecahan yang ada di dalam negeri Lebanon yang diharapkan dapat mengetahui pengaruh apa saja yang digunakan Gerakan Hizbullah Lebanon dalam menjaga Persatuan dan kebangkitan Islam yang ada di Lebanon dan juga Dunia Islam pada umumnya.Berkaitan dengan pengaruh Gerakan Hizbullah di Lebanon, penulis akan menjelaskan mengenai asal usul pendirian Gerakan Hizbullah disertai dengan tujuan dan prinsip-prinsip Islam Gerakan tersebut yang terdiri dari tiga prinsip, pertama keyakinan terhadap ajaran Islam, Jihad dan konsep kepemimpinan Wali- Fakih. Dan dalam penelitian ini penulis juga memaparkan pengaruh-pengaruh yang di bawa Gerakan Hizbullah terhadap terwujudnya persatuan umat dan kebangkitan Islam di Lebanon.Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa pengaruh Gerakan Hizbullah di Lebanon terhadap persatuan umat dan kebangkitan Islam ternyata sampai saat ini terbilang berhasil dalam menjaga kesatuan umat Islam khususnya di Lebanon dan dunia Islam pada umumnya. Serta yang tidak kalah pentingnya dari kehadiran Gerakan Hizbullah adalah terwujud kesatuan bangsa Lebanon yang sebelumnya mengalami perang saudara. Saat ini kehadiran Gerakan Hizbullah telah memberikan warna baru dalam Dunia Islam dan Lebanon yang memberikan dampak positif bagi terciptanya persatuan umat dan kebangkitan Islam.

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This research explain about Hizbullah’s influences and efforts to keep the unity of the ummah and islamic revivalism in Lebanon since 1992 untill 2009. This research also explain about Hizbullah’s influences to Lebanon’s Citizen. Theory of the ummah, theory of the islamic revivalism, and theory of islamic unity used to explain this topic. This research uses qualitative paradigm and case study method. This method used to collect Information flom the division of Lebanon’s Citizen and Hizbullah’s influences in keeping the unity of the ummah especially in Lebanon and the world.

This research explain origin of Hizbullah in Lebanon, its aims and islamic principles. Its principles consist of faith to Islam, Jihad, and leadership concept of wali-faqih. Hizbullah’s influences toward the unity of the ummah and islamic revivalism in Lebanon.also explained in this reserach.This research concludes that Hizbullah’s influences in Lebanon toward the unity of the ummah and islamic revivalism are significant since Lebanon’s civil war ended."