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"The relationships among allium L. species remain complex. Certain species belonging to the genus allium are medically and economically important and as such merit phylogenetic analysis...."

"Fifteen rhizopus oligosporus isolated were isolated from a number of tempeh samples obtained from Mataramm Jember an d Bogor Indonesia;...."

"the availabilty of assisted reproductive technologies and advances in molecular biology gave rise to preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). PGD is an early form of prental diagnosis and determines the genotype of an embryo before implantation takes place to avoid the implantation of diseased embryos. this requires couples to adhere to a strict family planning and effective contraceptive strategy, and undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. during IVF, sampling of the cells can be performed at different developmental stages from polar body biopsy to trophectoderm cells from the blastocysts. it is indicated in couples with a family history of monogenic autosomal or X-linked recessive or dominant disorders and in detecting chromosomal aberrations of the embryos. the genetic diagnosis is performed using appropriate molecular testing which might include polymerase chain reaction, fluorescent in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization or microarrays. PGD is now a wellestablished procedure and offers an alternative reproductive choice for couples who are at risk of an affected child. in this review, the past, present and future aspect of PGD will be covered. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman genetik lima spesies ikan cupang menggunakan DNA mitokondria 16S rRNA sebagai DNA target. Amplifikasi daerah 16S rRNA dilakukan menggunakan primer 16S rRNA forward dan 16S rRNA reverse. Hasil elektroforesis produk PCR menunjukkan bahwa daerah 16S rRNA lima spesies ikan cupang berukuran 500?600 bp. Berdasarkan hasil alignment sekuens sampel, menunjukkan bahwa terdapat keragaman genetik dari kelima spesies ikan cupang. Analisis filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbor Joining (NJ), menunjukan kekerabatan lima spesies ikan cupang. Betta unimaculata, Betta pallifina, dan Betta strohi yang merupakan spesies dari Kalimantan berkerabat dekat dibandingkan dengan Betta bellica dan Betta imbellis yang berasal dari Sumatera. Kekerabatan spesies ikan cupang yang berasal dari Kalimantan dan Sumatera cukup jauh, yaitu ditunjukkan dengan perbedaan percabangan dalam pohon filogenetik.

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This study aims to determine the genetic variation of five species Betta fish using mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA as the DNA target. The primer set of 16S rRNA forward and 16S rRNA reverse were used to amplify the 16S rRNA region. Gel electrophoresis result showed that the size of 16S rRNA of those Betta fish were 500?600 base pair. Based on sequence alignment result that showed genetic diversity of five spesies Betta fish. Phylogenetic analysis by Neighbor Joining (NJ) method showed a genetic relationship or kinship of five spesies Betta fish. Betta unimaculata, Betta pallifina, and Betta strohi from Kalimantan are related more closely compared to Betta imbellis and Betta bellica from Sumatera. Kinship of Betta fish from Kalimantan is far enough with Betta fish from Sumatera, that indicated by the difference in the cluster of phylogenetic tree."

"Neuro fuzzy system has been shown to provide a good performance on chromosome classification but does not ofter a simple methods to obtain the accurate parameter values required to yield the best recognition rate....."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai optimasi jaringan pipa untuk distribusi gas. Nilai investasi yang terkecil merupakan tujuan dari optimasi. Hal ini dapat diperoleh dengan menggunakan diameter pipa yang paling sesuai untuk jaringan pipa dengan total cost yang paling rendah. Algoritma genetik merupakan salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan optimasi.

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Abstract

This thesis discusses the optimization of gas pipelines for distribution. The smallest investment value is the purpose of optimization. This can be obtained by using the most appropriate pipe diameter for the pipeline network and with the total lowest cost. Genetic algorithms are one of the methods that can be used to perform optimization."