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"Biology courses in senior high chool can play an important role in the effort to improve the student critical thinking skill. ..."

"Biology courses in senior high school can play an important role in the effort to improve the student critical thinking skill. This study has been carried out to develope the instructional sets called PPBI and to evaluate its implementation effects on the critical thinking skill of the tenth grade student. The PPBI was developed according to the Dick & Carey model’s. The quasi experimental research was conducted as a factorial design and the data analysed using Anacova. The results show that student who learn using PPBI obtained better scores on critical thinking skills, student who learn through STAD cooperative strategy has higher scores of critical thinking skill than the TGTs student, and there were no significant effects of the interaction of the instructional sets with the type of cooperative strategies on student critical thinking skills. In conclusion, the implementation of PPBI gave significant contribution to the developement of student critical thinking skills."

"The study aimed at improving students' achievement and the quality of process in studying biology at SMA YP Unila in the academic year 2005./2006...."

"Teripang telah diketahui banyak memiliki manfaat biologis, seperti antikanker, antifungal, antivirus, dan antioksidan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dan mendeteksi keberadaan senyawa saponin pada ekstrak kasar Holothuria atra (Echinodermata) dan fraksi-fraksinya. Senyawa radikal bebas DPPH digunakan untuk pengujian aktivitas antioksidan sedangkan uji busa digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan senyawa saponin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar H. atra mengandung saponin dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih rendah dari pembandingnya, Acanthaster sp. (Echinodermata) dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing sebesar 739,194 μg/ml dan 102,946 μg/ml. Fraksi n-heksan, fraksi etil asetat, dan fraksi air memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kurang kuat dengan nilai IC50 secara berurutan 511,35 μg/ml, 373,776 μg/ml, dan 491,8 μg/ml. Uji saponin terdeteksi positif pada semua fraksi kecuali fraksi etil asetat.

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Sea cucumber had been known for having many biological uses, such as anticancer, antifungal, antivirus, and antioxidant. This study was conducted to test the antioxidant activity and to detect the presence of saponin compounds in Holorhuria atra (Echinodermata) crude extract and its fractions. Free radical compound, DPPH, was used to test the antioxidant activity and foam test was used to detect the presence of saponin compounds. The result showed that crude extract of H. atra contains saponins and has weaker antioxidant activity than Acanthaster sp. (echinoderm). The IC50 values are 739,194 μg/ml and 102,946 μg/ml, respectively. N-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction have weak antioxidant activities with IC50 values 511,35 μg/ml, 373,776 μg/ml, and 491,8 μg/ml, respectively. Saponin test showed that all of the crude extract fractions showed positive results, except in ethyl acetate fraction."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai struktur komunitas dan sebaran spasial Bivalvia serta hubungannya dengan karakteristik lingkungan di Teluk Katania, Seram Barat, Maluku Tengah. Ada 5 stasiun penelitian yaitu : Pelita Jaya 1, Pelita Jaya 2, Pulau Buntal, Pulau Tatumbu, dan Pulau Burung. Anadara maculafa merupakan jenis Bivalvia yang kepadatannya tertinggi (2,5 individu/m2). Nilai H' (indeks keanekaragaman) Bivalvia tertinggi ada di Pulau Burung (H' = 0,958) dan terendah di Pulau Buntal (H' = 0,624). Indeks kemerataan J' tertinggi (J' = 0,843) terdapat di Pelita Jaya 1. indeks kesamaan Morisita C tertinggi adalah antara Pelita Jaya 2 dan Pulau Buntal (C = 0,92). Kondisi substrat di Pelita Jaya 2 dan Pulau Buntal mempunyai persentase Lumpur yang tinggi. Dengan analisis cluster, 5 stasiun penelitian terbagi menjadi 2 kelompok. Kelompok I terdiri atas stasiun Pelita Jaya 2 dan Pulau Buntal kemudian kelompok II terdiri atas Pelita Jayal, Pulau Tatumbu, dan Pulau Burung. Analisis diskriminan dengan faktor lingkungan substrat pasir halus dan lumpur juga membagi kelima stasiun menjadi dua kelompok yang sama seperti pada analisis cluster. Substrat lumpur mempunyai kontribusi yang tinggi (96,3 %). Tellina sp merupakan jenis yang penyebarannya luas sebab selalu hadir di setiap stasiun penelitian. Hasil analisis faktorial koresponden membentuk enam kelompok. Penyebaran spasial jenis jenis Bivalvia di 5 stasiun dari hasil analisis tersebut berdasarkan pada kepadatan tertinggi dari jenis jenis tertentu (lima kelompok) dan berdasarkan jenis-jenis yang selalu hadir di setiap stasiun (satu kelompok).

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Bivalvia, also known as Pelecypoda, is the second largest class in phylum Mollusca. This group has 28.000 species (Barth & Broshear, 1982) and about 1000 species of Bivalvia live in Indonesian waters (Nontji, 1987). Information about Bivalvia in Kotania Bay has not been known well. Based on those fact, a research on the community structure and spatial distribution of Bivalve in the waters of Kotania Bay was conducted in February 1996. The aim of study was to find out the relationship between Bivalvia community structure with environmental factors in the waters of Kotania Bay. The spatial distribution of Bivalvia in several small islands in Kotania Bay was also studied. Hopefully, the results can be used as basic information for father research.

The research was conducted in five stations, i.e. Pelita Jaya 1, Pelita Jaya 2, Buntal Island, Tatumbu Island, and Burung Island. The sampling method used in the study was belt transact. The water conditions measured were water temperature, salinity, and pH. The substrates were characterized by the sediment fractions. Temperatures in the research stations ranged between 29.5°C and 31 °C, the range of pH is between 7 and 8.4. Water salinities in the research stations varied between 22 % and 30 %. Substrates in the research stations mostly contained sand with the very high percentage of very coarse sand. Silt was the smallest fraction found in the substrate.

In five research stations, 32 species of Bivalvia belonging to 15 families were collected. Anadara maculata had the highest density (2.5 individulm2) of all Bivalvia species found. The highest H' value (diversity index) of Bivalvia was in Burung Island (H' = 0.958) and the lowest was in Buntal Island (H' = 0.624). The highest evenness index J' = 0.843 was found in Pelita Jaya 1. The highest similarity index was shown by Pelita Jaya 2 and Buntal Island. Substrates in Pelita Jaya 2 and Buntal Island were dominated by silt.

Cluster analysis at five research stations divided the stations into two groups. Group I, defined by Pelita Jaya 2 and Buntal Island. Group ii, defined by Pelita Jaya 1, Tatumbu Island, and Burung Island. Discriminant analysis based on two environmental factors, i.e. very fine sand and silts, also divided the stations into two similar groups as cluster analysis did. The silt factor had high contribution (96.3%) in separating the stations.

Factorial correspondence analysis classified the species of Bivalvia into six groups. Based on the highest density of the certain species (five groups) and on the common species found in all stations (one group). Among the species collected Tellina sp was the common species found in the five stations. Spondylus squamosus, Trachydarium subrugosum, and Vulsella vulsella were found only in Pelita Jaya 2. Pitar subpellucidus, Septifer hi/ocular-is, Fimbria fmbriata and Chama pacifica were found only in Burung island. The species of Bivalvia only found in Pelita Jaya 1 were Atrina vexillum, Tellina staurella, Chama ruderalis, Limaria fragilis, and Clycymeris pectunculus."

"Penelitian limbah organik berbahan dasar kompos sebagai medium pertumbuhan Nannochloropsis sp. telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak kompos yang tepat dengan mengukur laju pertumbuhan dan kadar lipid Nannochloropsis sp. Sediaan ekstrak kompos dibuat dalam konsentrasi 5%, 10%, 25%, dan 50% (v/v) dari volume ekstraksi kompos 100 g/L. Penelitian dilakukan selama 240 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Nannochloropsis sp. yang dikultur pada medium ekstrak kompos 25% memiliki pertumbuhan paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi ekstrak kompos lainnya. Kerapatan sel maksimum pada perlakuan ekstrak kompos 25% mencapai 22,04±10,65 x 106 sel/mL pada jam ke-240 pada laju pertumbuhan spesifik maksimum μ= 0,075 per jam. Kadar dan produktivitas lipid yang diperoleh sebesar 18,31±11,96 % (w/w) dan 0,0172±0,0005 g/L/hari. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kompos 25% dapat dijadikan sebagai medium pertumbuhan Nannochloropsis sp.

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Research of the compost on the medium on the growth of Nannochloropsis sp. was performed. The research objective was to determine the influence of the medium on the growth and lipid content of Nannochloropsis sp. Compost extracts preparations were made in the concentration of 5%, 10%, 25%, and 50% (v/v) of the volume extraction of 100 g/L. Experiment was conducted for 240 hours.

The results showed that Nannochloropsis sp. were cultured in medium 25% compost extract had the highest growth compared to other compost extract concentration. The maximum cell density at 25% compost extract treatment reached 22.04±10.65 x 106 sel/mL at 240 hours with a maximum specific growth rate μ = 0.075 /hours Meanwhile, lipid content and productivity were obtained by 18.31±11.96 % (w/w) and 0.0172±0.0005 g/L/day. These results indicate the compost can be used as a medium for the growth of Nannochloropsis sp."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh inokulasi kombinasi dua strain Nostoc terhadap pertumbuhan vegetatif dan generatif tanaman padi varietas Ciherang. Strain Nostoc yang digunakan yaitu CPG24 dan GIA13a yang dibuat dengan perbandingan 1:1; 1:2; dan 2;1. Pemeliharaan padi dilakukan dengan sistem SRI modifikasi sampai 112 hari setelah tanam. Parameter pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman yang diukur mencakup fase vegetatif dan generatif tanaman padi. Dilakukan juga pengukuran kandungan unsur hara tanah dan parameter lingkungan.Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pemupukan kombinasi Nostoc, secara umum memberi pengaruh yang bervariasi terhadap parameter vegetatif dan generatif tanaman padi varietas Ciherang. Pemupukan strain Nostoc tunggal CPG24 berpengaruh cukup signifikan dalam meningkatkan berat kering tanaman padi sampai 138%. Pemupukan strain Nostoc tunggal GIA13a berpengaruh cukup signifikan dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan akar 147%, berat kering buah isi sampai 186%, dan rasio jumlah buah isi terhadap total jumlah buah sebesar 69,40%.

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The purpose of this experiment is to study the combination effect of inoculation of two Nostoc strains to the vegetative and generative growth of Ciherang paddy. Two Nostoc strains, CPG24 and GIA13a were used. Fertilizing treatments were designed with comparison 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. Paddy plant were prepared using SRI modification method until 112 days old after planted. Biological parameters are including vegetative and generative growth of paddy. Also soil nutrients content and environment parameter have been analized.

The results show that combination fertilizing of two Nostoc strain CPG24 and GIA13a give variative effect to vegetative and generative growth parameter of Ciherang paddy. Single Nostoc CPG24 fertilizing give significat effect to increase dry weight of Ciherang paddy until 183%. Single Nostoc GIA13a fertilizing give significant effect to increase root growth until 147%, dry weight of grain until 186%, and filled/total grain ratio until 69,40%."

"ABSTRAKPreservasi koleksi kultur Nostoc dilakukan mengingat Nostoc merupakan salah satu mikroalga tanah yang penting dan berguna. Metode preservasi yang umum digunakan untuk Nostoc adalah dengan subkultur berkala dan freezing. Delapan strain Nostoc yang digunakan dalam preservasi dengan metode freezing pada suhu (-80oC) adalah CPG8, CPG24, BAD5, GIA13a, GIA12-03, TAB7d, BTM6-01 dan TAK23. Penambahan protektan intraseluler DMSO 5% dilakukan untuk mengurangi efek dari proses freezing (cold stress) pada Nostoc. Sebagai pembanding, delapan strain tersebut juga dipreservasi tanpa menggunakan protektan (kontrol negatif) dalam medium BG 11 bebas unsur nitrogen, kemudian dipreservasi dalam deep freezer (-80oC) selama 7 hari (H7) dan 90 hari (H90). Hasil menunjukkan terdapat variasi respon tumbuh strain-strain Nostoc setelah dipreservasi. Strain yang dipreservasi menggunakan protektan DMSO 5% menunjukkan selisih diameter koloni yang lebih besar, kerusakan filamen lebih sedikit dan kadar klorofil lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol negatif.

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ABSTRACTPreservation of culture collections Nostoc done considering that Nostoc is one of microalgae soil that important and useful. Preservation methods commonly used for Nostoc is with periodic subculture, but that methods have short comings vulnerable to loss of genetic stability. Beside that, freezing method is commonly used for Nostoc preservation. Eight Nostoc strains used in preservation by freezing method at temperature -80oC are CPG8, CPG24, BAD5, GIA13a, GIA12- 03, TAB7d, BTM6-01 and TAK23. The addition of the intracellular protectant DMSO 5 % was done to decrease the effects of freezing (cold stress) in Nostoc. For comparison, eight strains were also preserved without using protectant (negative control) in BG 11 nitrogen free medium, then preserved in a deep freezer (-80oC) for 7 days (H7) and 90 days (H90). Results showed variation in response to growing strains Nostoc after preservation. Strains were preserved using DMSO 5% protectant showed difference of colony diameter, filament has less damage and has higher clorophyl value compared with negative control."

"P. falciparum, salah satu parasit penyebab malaria, melekat pada plasenta dan menyebabkan kehamilan malnutrisi. Dampak buruknya ialah BBLR dan pemrograman janin yang meningkatkan risiko penyakit degeneratif di kemudian hari. Plasenta diduga akan beradaptasi terhadap kondisi malnutrisi dengan meningkatkan jumlah salinan mtDNA. Polimorfisme T16189C dilaporkan berasosiasi dengan jumlah salinan mtDNA, BBLR, dan penyakit degeneratif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui asosiasi antara jumlah salinan mtDNA, berat lahir, dan polimorfisme T16189C di Timika, Papua, yang merupakan daerah endemik malaria. Jumlah salinan mtDNA diestimasi dengan metode qRT-PCR, sedangkan polimorfisme T16189C dideteksi dengan metode PCR-RFLP. Hasil analisis pada 52 sampel plasenta terinfeksi P. falciparum menunjukkan indikasi awal peningkatan rasio mtDNA terhadap berat lahir (r = 0,09, p = 0,521). Korelasi mtDNA dengan berat lahir ditemukan lebih kuat pada multigravida (r = 0,235) dibandingkan primigravida (r < 0,001). Diduga adaptasi berupa peningkatan rasio mtDNA dipengaruhi secara antagonis oleh komplikasi infeksi malaria. Frekuensi T16189C ditemukan pada 15 dari 126 sampel (12%). Tidak ditemukan asosiasi antara T16189C dengan berat lahir (p =0,57). Hal tersebut karena pengaruh T16189C tertutupi oleh infeksi malaria dan asupan nutrisi. T16189C ditemukan tidak berasosiasi dengan jumlah salinan mtDNA, namun wild-type T (r = 0,08) terindikasi berkorelasi lebih kuat dengan peningkatan mtDNA dibandingkan varian C (r = 0,01). Diperlukan jumlah sampel yang lebih banyak dan kontrol bebas infeksi malaria untuk studi selanjutnya.

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Malaria parasite, P. falciparum, has the properties to sequester in the placenta, consequently cause malnutrition in pregnancy. It is suggested that the adverse effects are LBW and fetal programming leading to degenerative diseases in later life. It is hypothesized that placenta will adapt with malnutrition by increasing mtDNA copy number. T16189C is associated with mtDNA copy number, LBW, and degenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between mtDNA copy number, birth weight, and T16189C in Timika, Papua, which enlisted as malaria endemic region. MtDNA copy number was determined using qRT-PCR, while T16189C polymorphism is detected using PCR-RFLP. Analysis of 52 falciparum-infected placenta samples indicated that mtDNA ratio increased proportionally with birth weight (r = 0,09, p = 0,521). Stronger correlation was found in multigravidae as compared to primigravidae, suggesting placental adaptation by increasing mtDNA copy number was influenced antagonistically by malaria infections. T16189C was detected in 15 of 126 samples (12%) but no association was found between T16189C and birth weight (p = 0,57). The presence of confounding factors, such as malaria infection and nutrition supply, might masked the effect of T16189C. The result showed no association between T16189C and mtDNA copy number, even though wild-type T (r = 0,08) showed stronger correlation with mtDNA copy number than variant C (r = 0,01). More samples and uninfected control are needed in futher study."