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"The Convergence profile of the conventional conjugate gradient Method ( (CGM) algorithm is based on the symmetry of the control operator for quadratic funcitions.This work considers the quadratic functions with a non-symnetric control operator under suitable matrix transformations. Itwas proved that the get conventional CGM algorithm produced resulth that were favourably comparable in relation to problems with sy"

"The people in devoloping countries typically live in rural area and work in agricultural sector. In 1992, around 66 % of those people live in rural area and 62% of labor force worked agriculturre, but they contribute only about 17 % of the GNP...."

"Image splicing is a form of digital image manipulation by combining two or more image into a new image. The application was developed through a passive approach using demosaicking and wavelet transformation method. This research purposed a method to implement the demosaicking and wavelet transform for digital image forgery detection with a passive approach. This research shows that (1) demosaicking can be used as a comparison image in forgery detection; (2) the application of demo-saicking and wavelet transformation can improve the quality of the input image (3) demosaicking and wavelet algorithm are able to estimate whether the input image is real or fake image with a passive approach and estimate the manipulation area from the input image.Penggabungan citra adalah bentuk manipulasi citra digital dengan cara menggabungkan dua atau le-bih citra menjadi sebuah citra baru. Aplikasi dikembangkan melalui pendekatan pasif menggunakan metode demosaicking dan transformasi wavelet. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memberikan metode da-lam implementasi demosaicking untuk deteksi pemalsuan citra digital dengan pendekatan pasif. Pene-litian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) citra demosaicking dapat menjadi citra pembanding dalam deteksi pemalsuan; (2) penerapan kombinasi algoritma demosaicking dan transformasi wavelet telah dapat meningkatkan kualitas citra masukan; (3) Algoritma demosaicking dan wavelet dengan pendekatan pasif telah dapat memperkirakan citra input adalah citra asli atau palsu dan memperkirakan wilayah citra masukan yang telah mengalami manipulasi digital."

"In this edited volume, scholars from Mumbai, Bengaluru, Jakarta, Cape Town, Sao Paulo and other cities of the global South explore the complex relationship between platformization and informality through a different lens. Drawing on extensive theoretical, quantitative and qualitative scholarship, they provide both a useful overview and insights into the lived realities of gig work for platforms covering a range of skills, working conditions, and forms of algorithmic management. Platform work has attracted considerable attention from scholars in the global North, who have tended to view it as a form of casualisation of work that was previously regulated. But what about the global South, where most employment, especially that of women and migrant workers was historically already informal?Beyond a focus on livelihoods, employment, and work, the authors show how labour platforms take on powers that bring about broader impacts, including those affecting identity and personal wellbeing. They also illustrate the impact of platformization on the governance of affected sectors by public agencies, thus affecting political power, and how public data infrastructures contribute to further platformization. The purpose of this pioneering work is to lay bare these interactions to then rebuild our understanding of platformization and its social, political, cultural and economic impacts. Its insights are attentive to gender and ethnic differences, as well as geographical ones."

"Euclidean Distance Matrix (EDM) mempunyai hubungan dengan matriks semidefinit positif yang mana hubungan tersebut direpresentasikan oleh fungsiτ dan fungsi K, dengan τ dan K merupakan fungsi yang saling invers (H. Kurata & P. Tarazaga, 2011). Sedangkan istilah dan notasi mayorisasi itu sendiri pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Hardy, Littlewood, & Polya (1934) untuk mengungkapkan suatu vektor x dikatakan "less spread out" dibanding vektor Y.Pada skripsi ini akan dipelajari bagaimana hubungan matriks semidefinit positif B1 dan B2 jika diketahui bahwa vektor dengan elemen nilai-nilai eigen matriks EDM D1 dimayorisasi oleh vektor dengan elemen nilai-nilai eigen matriks EDM D2 dengan Bi (i=1,2) bersesuaian dengan Di(i=1,2).

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There is a relationship between Euclidean Distance Matrix (EDM) and positive semidefinite matrix, which is represented τ function and K function, with τ and K are mutually inverse (H. Kurata & P. Tarazaga, 2011). Meanwhile the term and notation of majorization was first introduced by Hardy, Littlewood, and Polya (1934), to express how the vector X is said to be "less spread out" than the vector Y.

In this paper, it will be studied how the relationship between the positive semidefinit matrix B1 and B2, if it is known that a vector with elements eigenvalues of the EDM D1 is majorized by a vector with elements eigenvalues of the EDM D2, where Bi(i=1,2) corresponds to Di(i=1,2)."

"ABSTRAKJakarta, sebagai kota bekas penjajahan, memiliki banyak wilayah dan bangunan-bangunan bersejarah. Salah satu area bersejarah tersebut adalah Glodok yang merupakan wilayah Pecinaan atau China Town. Wilayah tersebut menyimpan sejarah panjang bagi warga Tiong Kok yang dulunya bermigrasi dari wilayah Tiong Kok Selatan. Di awal abad-19, ada seorang Mayor Cina-Batavia bernama Souw Thian Pie yang membangun sebuah hunian tradisional China bernama siheyuan di Jalan Perniagaan Raya, Glodok. Dewasa ini, banyak hunian tradisional China di Glodok, termasuk siheyuan keluarga Souw, telah mengalami transformasi dan adaptasi sebagai akibat dari modernisasi. Penulisan skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi siapa, apa, kapan, mengapa, dan bagaimana transformasi tersebut telah terjadi di siheyuan keluarga Souw dan kemungkinan kaitannya dengan modernisasi. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, sebuah observasi langsung dilakukan di siheyuan keluarga Souw yang masih bertahan selama hampir dua abad. Kebanyakan informasi terkait studi kasus merupakan hasil wawancara dengan Bapak Yong Yong yang merupakan salah satu kepala keluarga dari generasi ke lima dan keturunan langsung dari Souw Thian Pie. Analisis dari studi kasus menyimpulkan bahwa modernisasi berperan besar dalam menyebabkan terjadinya transformasi berupa rotasi dari selatan ke utara pada akses utama dan hilangnya sayap barat pada siheyuan keluarga Souw.

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ABSTRACTAs a former colonial city, there were many historical sites and buildings in Jakarta. One of the historical sites in Jakarta is Glodok, which is also called ?China Town? or ?Pecinaan Area?. The area has a long history for Chinese migrants, who mostly came from Southern China. In the early 19th century, there was a Chinese mayor, Souw Thian Pie, who built a ?siheyuan? (traditional Chinese dwelling) at Jalan Perniagaan Raya in Glodok. Today, many traditional Chinese dwellings in Glodok, including Souw family siheyuan, have experienced transformation and adaptation due to modernism. This undergraduate thesis aims to find who, what, when, why, and how transformation has occurred in Souw family siheyuan and its possible relations with modernism. To achieve this, an observation was held directly in the Souw family siheyuan that has survived for almost two centuries. Most of the information regarding the case study was obtained from the interview with Mr. Yong Yong, who is one of the 5th generations head families and a direct descendant of Souw Thian Pie. Analysis of the siheyuan concludes that modernism played significant role in causing transformation of the main entrance to be rotated from south to north and elimination of the west wing."