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"ABSTRAKIn recent years, land development in many suburban and rural counties has been impeded by the combined lack of municipal sewers and soil conditions necessary for conventional septic tank and soil absorption systems. Prince William County, Virginia, is such a county. When faced with an influx of population and commercial enterprises, it became obvious that some alternative, and innovative, on-site sanitary wastewater management system was required for many areas of the county.In 1974, the Prince William County Department of Public Health undertook the evaluation of one alternative and innovative on-site wastewater management system. The test site was a major oil company's full service gasoline station in Gainesville, Virginia. After five years of close observation, the conclusion is that the system can provide an effective and environmentally sound method for on-site wastewater treatment. This article summarizes the evaluation criteria used, data collection parameters, and analysis results. A presentation was made to the NEHA annual conference in Charleston, S.C."

"The environment at risk -- Environmental epidemiology -- Environmental toxicology -- Environmental policy and regulation -- Zoonotic and vector-borne diseases -- Toxic metals and elements -- Pesticides and other organic chemicals -- Ionizing and nonionizing radiation -- Water quality -- Air quality -- Food safety -- Solid and liquid wastes -- Occupational health -- Injuries with a focus on unintentional injuries and death"

"PREFACEThe Jakarta Workshop on Environmental Health 1998 is the second meeting of the UNESCO UNITWIN Programme and UNESCO UNISPAR Programme on Environment in Asia. The first meeting was hosted by Bunkyo University in Tokyo from 10 to 12 April 1997. This second meeting is hosted by the Centre for Research of Human Resources and the Environment (CRHRE) from 16 to 17 February 1998.This proceedings reported the implementation of the Workshop Programme from 16 - 17 February 1998. The Organizing Committee (OC) did its utmost towards the realization of both the UNESCO UNITWIN Programme Director and Co-Directors' meeting as well as the UNESCO UNISPAR Programme member Universities meeting. The former was attended by Bunkyo University, Griffith University, Prince of Songkla University and the University of Indonesia. The latter was attended by representatives of Prince of Songkla University, Suranaree University of Technology, the University of Indonesia, the University of the Philippines and Griffith University was present as observer, whilst Dr Y Aoshima of UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology in Southeast Asia chaired the meeting.Apologies came from Nankai University, China due to Chinese New Year Holidays, Vietnam National University due to Professor Nguyen Van Davis tight schedule and Kong Hee University, Korea due to inability of Professor Chungwon Chone to leave his post. Further apologies came from UNEP, both Dr Wimala Ponniah and Dr Mahesh Pradhan of NETTLAP in view of prior commitments; the same is true with Professor Wang Yi Bing. The Director of CRHRE, Professor Retno Soetaryono SH; MSi, due to ill health and on the advice of her Family Physician prevented her participation in the event.The OC extends its earnest appreciation to UNESCO UNITWIN Programme partner universities and UNESCO UNISPAR partner universities who participated in the workshop, hence fostered closer relations with each other. Finally, our thanks are due to UNESCO for the assistance and advice as well as TOYOTA Motor Corporation for sponsoring both this workshop and the UNESCO UNISPAR Programme.The third workshop will be held in either Brisbane, Australia or Hatyay, Thailand in 1999. The decision will be cast in July oe August this year. It is hoped that this proceedings will be of interest and informative as well."

"Indonesia adalah negara yang sedang berkembang, dengan jumlah penduduk terbesar ke 4 (empat) di dunia. Perkembangan penduduk yang pesat yang tidak diimbangi oleh penyediaan sarana dan prasarana serta berbagai fasilitas pendukung akan berdampak pada penurunan kualitas kesehatan lingkungan permukiman. Begitu halnya Kota Depok yang setiap tahunya mengalami peningkatan pertumbuhan penduduk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola spasial tingkat kualitas kesehatan lingkungan permukiman Kota Depok serta mengetahui hubungan seberapa besar pengaruh sosial ekonomi terhadap tingkat kualitas kesehatan lingkungan permukiman. Tingkat kualitas kesehatan lingkungan permukiman dapat diketahui dari hasil perhitungan indek parameter setiap indikator dan pemberian bobot setiap indikator yang digunakan. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan analisis keruangan, sedangkan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kualitas kesehatan lingkungan permukiman dengan status sosial ekonomi digunakan bantuan analisis statistik dengan metode Chi Square. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan tingkat kualitas kesehatan lingkungan permukiman Kota Depok tergolong baik. Sebagian besar tingkat kualitas kesehatan lingkungan permukiman tergolong baik terdapat diwilayah perkotaan (urban) dan wilayah peralihan (sub urban), sedangkan pada wilayah perdesaan (rural) memiliki tingkat kualitas kesehatan lingkungan permukiman dalam kategori sedang. Kondisi sosial ekonomi (status sosial ekonomi) memiliki pengaruh terhadap tingkat kualitas kesehatan lingkungan permukiman.

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Indonesia is a developing country with the largest population of 4 (four) position in the world. The rapid growth of population, which is not supported by the provision of infrastructure and supporting facilities will impact the health and environmental quality of settlements. This situation will also happen in Depok City due to the growth population is increasing every year. This study aims to determine the spatial patterns of health and environmental quality level of Depok settlements and to know the effect of social relationship factor on the level of healthcare economics settlements quality. The level of health and environmental quality settlements can be known from the calculation of the parameter index of each indicator and the weighting of each indicator used.

Data analyzing in this study obtained by using descriptive analysis and spatial analysis, whereas the relation between health and environmental quality settlements with the socioeconomic status obtained by using statistical analysis Chi Square method. The results indicate the level of health and environmental quality Depok settlement is fair. Most of the health and environmental quality level are quite good in residential urban region (urban) and of health and environmental quality settlements. The Socio-economic conditions (socioeconomic status) effect the level of health care quality residential environment. "

"Keberhasilan kegiatan kesehatan lingkungan ditentukan oleh banyak faktor, baik dari pemerintah, lembaga non pemerintah, maupun masyarakat itu sendiri. Sanitarian Puskesmas sebagai pelaksana terdepan dari kegiatan kesehatan lingkungan, kinerjanya tentu mempunyai peran yang cukup besar dalam menentukan keberhasilan kegiatan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kinerja sanitarian, tingkat kinerja sanitarian, hasil kegiatan kesehatan lingkungan, dan hubungan kinerja sanitarian dengan hasil kegiatan kesehatan lingkungan. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan metode survei dan responden adalah sanitarian penanggung jawab kegiatan kesehatan lingkungan di Puskesmas, yang telah bertugas di Puskesmas tempat tugasnya sekarang minimal 2 tahun, seluruhnya berjumlah 86 orang. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan analisa data dilakukan dengan analisa univariat, analisa bivariat dengan uji chi square, dan analisa multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik model prediksi. Hasil penelitian diperoleh : tingkat pendidikan responden sebagian besar (74,4%) adalah SPPH, 57% responden belum banyak mengikuti pelatihan, 51,2% Puskesmas kurang tersedia peralatan kesehatan lingkungan, 72,1% responden kurang mendapat perhatian dari atasannya, 80,2% responden menerima insentif, 75,6% responden kurang mendapat bimbingan teknis, 50% Puskesmas tersedia pedoman/juklak kesehatan lingkungan, dan 88,4% responden mempunyai tugas rangkap. Kinerja sanitarian Puskesmas 68,6% termasuk kategori rendah dan hasil kegiatan kesehatan lingkungan 55,8% termasuk kategori rendah. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kinerja sanitarian Puskesmas dengan hasil kegiatan kesehatan lingkungan. Variabel yang ada hubungan bermakna dengan kinerja sanitarian Puskesmas, yaitu : peralatan, perhatian, bimbingan teknis, dan pedoman/ petunjuk pelaksanaan. Variabel yang paling dominan berhubungan adalah pedoman/ petunjuk pelaksanaan. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa rendahnya hasil kegiatan kesehatan lingkungan ada hubungannya dengan rendahnya kinerja sanitarian, dan rendahnya kinerja sanitarian ada hubungannya dengan ketersediaan pedoman, ketersedian peralatan, bimbingan teknis dan perhatian dari atasan. Disarankan kepada pimpinan instansi kesehatan di semua jenjang, untuk mengambil langkah-langkah dalam upaya memperbaiki/meningkatkan kinerja sanitarian Puskesmas, yang selanjutnya diharapkan dapat meningkatkan hasil kegiatan kesehatan lingkungan.

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The success of the environmental health activities are determined by several factors, either by the government, non-governmental institution, or the people themselves. The sanitarians of public health centers as the front implementer of the environmental health, the quality of their work should have a great role in determining the success of those activities.

This research aims to find out factors which deal with the job quality of sanitarians, level of the job quality of sanitarians, result of environmental health activities, and the relationship between the job quality of sanitarians and the result of environmental health activities.

The research is held with survey and respondent methods by sanitarians who are responsible to the environmental health activities in the public health centre, who have worked in the public health center where they are working now minimum 2 years, all of them are 86 people. The collection of the data using questionnaire and data analysis are done by univariat analysis, bivariat analysis with chi square test and multivariate analysis with logistic regression of predictive model test.

From the result of the research is required: the level of almost respondents' education (74.4%) are SPPH, 57% of respondents have not followed the training yet, 51.2% of the public health centers are available fewer equipment of environmental health, 72.1% of respondents got less attention from their leaders, 80.2% of respondents earned incentive, 75.6% of respondents got less technical guidance, 50% of public health centers are available guidelines of environmental health, and 88.4% of respondents had double duties. The job quality of the public health centers sanitarians 68.6% included to the low category and the result of the environmental health activities 55.8% included to the low category. There is a significant relationship between the job quality of public health centers sanitarians and the result of the environmental health activities_ Variables which has a significant relationship between the job qualities of public health centers sanitarians, are: equipment, attention, technical guidance, and guidelines. The most dominant correlative variable is the guidelines.

From the result of the environmental activities have a connection between the low of the job quality of sanitarians, and guidelines availability, equipment availability, technical guidance and the attention from the leader. In accordance with the result of this research, it is suggested to the leaders of the health institute for the whole levels, to take steps in improving the job quality of public health centers sanitarians which are desired to be able to improve the result of the environmental health activities in the future."

"Menurut laporan MDG's tahun 2007, 30,7% masyarakat Indonesia tanpa akses sanitasi yang layak. Provinsi Banten memiliki masalah yang cukup besar terkait dengan masalah air, higiene dan sanitasi. Beberapa cakupan sanitasi dasar di Provinsi Banten merupakan cakupan terendah di Pulau jawa, seperti cakupan jamban keluarga pada tahun 2007 yang hanya 67,69 %. Kondisi sanitasi lingkungan yang buruk ini akhirnya menyebabkan masih seringnya terjadi KLB diare dan demam berdarah di Provinsi Banten. Selain itu kejadian demam tifoid dan malaria juga mengalami peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui risiko dan dampak sanitasi lingkungan terhadap status kesehatan balita di Provinsi Banten dengan menggunakan data sekunder hasil RISKESDAS 2007. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Populasi dan sampel dari penelitian ini adalah balita (12 - 59 bulan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa balita yang pernah menderita sakit sebanyak 17,2%. Sedangkan faktor sanitasi lingkungan yang memiliki risiko terhadap status kesehatan balita adalah ketersediaan air bersih (OR = 1,6; 95%CI 1,2 - 2,3), sarana pembuangan air limbah (OR = 1,7; 95% CI 1,0 - 3,1) dan tempat penampungan air (OR = 1,9; 95%CI 1,2 - 2,9). Sarana pembuangan air limbah memberikan dampak yang paling besar diantara ketiga variabel yang berisiko, dimana jika di populasi, sarana pembuangan air limbah yang tidak memenuhi syarat diperbaiki, maka akan menurunkan kejadian sakit pada balita sebanyak 36,9%. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa untuk mengurangi risiko dan dampak sanitasi lingkungan diperlukan upaya pengelolaan terhadap air, mulai dari air bersih sampai dengan air buangan.

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According to the MDG's in 2007, 30.7% of Indonesian people without access to improved sanitation. Banten province has a considerable problem associated with the problem of water, hygiene and sanitation. Some basic sanitation coverage in Banten Province is the lowest coverage in Java, such as family latrine coverage in 2007 is only 67.69%. Conditions of poor environmental sanitation is still ultimately lead to frequent outbreaks of diarrhea and dengue fever in the province of Banten. In addition to the incidence of typhoid fever and malaria also increased from year to year.

The purpose of this study was to determine the risk and impact of environmental sanitation on the health status of children under five in Banten province by using secondary data from RISKESDAS 2007. This research is quantitative cross-sectional design. Population and sample of the study was a toddler (12-59 months).

The results showed that infants who have suffered from as much as 17.2%. While environmental sanitation factors that have exposure to the health status of children under five are the availability of clean water (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3), wastewater disposal (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1, 0 to 3.1) and a reservoir of water (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.9). Wastewater disposal provide the greatest impact among the three variables is at risk, which if in the population, wastewater disposal are not eligible eliminated, it will reduce the incidence of illness in infants as much as 36.9%. Results of this study suggest that to reduce the risk and impact of environmental sanitation to water management efforts are needed, ranging from clean water to waste water."