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"Pavement design is determine of the type and pavement construction thicknesse to accomodate traffic for along design life. estimation of traffic is very importance to the pavement design result. Lane with is one from several problems wich impluence to estimation of design traffic, and lane width of road in Indonesia was varies and very different with foreign. Lane width of road can affect to riding confort and for road user safety, so road user behaviour will different depend on lane width of road is used. This paper discusses correction factos to design traffic effect of lane width, especially for road with two lanes two way. Activities undetaken are included literature reiview, canalization survey or vehicle wheel path on several road links with two way with different lane width and data analysis. Based on the analyisis result, found that for road with two lane two way and lane width is less than minimum lane width of 3.5 metres, so wheel path of vehicle wich use wheel path on design lan eis more increase. Thus for estimation of traffic in design lane is required correction factor. especially for roads with fairly heavy volume, regional corners, climbs or descendants , then the amount of lane width correction factor (fw) should be based on the survey results directly in the field. "

"Children could be allegorized as the future light of the nation, if during childhood they received adequate care and encouragement. On the other hand, they would become a burden when in their early age they were neglected in various aspects. It is through children that a nation's hopes will be reached, as the younger generation will take lead in the future. Through their creativity and their eagerness, the nation will be equal to others in the world, even better recognized and respected.It is thus proper that the government and all elements of the nation, from nuclear families to broader institutions in which children live, pay more attention to children's interests, especially in their education, either formal or non-formal, in order to prepare them for the future. It is no exception with Institutional Pupils who are serving their term or correction in Children's Correctional Institutions, for regardless of their previous actions, they are still entitled to a better future.Entering the correctional institution is obviously not a choice, but a compulsion resulting from a previous breach of the law. However, this does not mean that children lose their rights to education, as the sole loss of right during their term should have been loss of freedom of movement. They still retain the right to obtain education and correction during their term in the Children's Correctional Institutions.Thus the researcher was interested to study the implementation of correction in Children's Correctional Institutions, especially the constraint factors and effectiveness of correction through Kejar Paket informal learning system on institutional pupils of Blitar Children's Correctional Institution, East Java.Results of the study show that Blitar Children's Correctional Institution has implemented correction, according to its main duties and functions as set by the government, namely: correction of personality and self-reliance, although limitations still constrain these efforts.The researcher found that constraint factors in the Blitar Children's Correctional Institution include constraints in human resources (including both Correctional Institution Staff involved in the implementation of Kejar Paket learning program) and Institutional Pupils), lack of infrastructure and equipment, and limited funds. On the effectiveness of the program, the result is rather less than successful, as two out of three components of correctional results do not fit with the expected results.This study is expected to develop the state of the science and as literature, especially in the study of constraint factors and effectiveness of correction through Kejar Paket informal learning system in Children's Correctional Institutions, and as contribution to the Government, through the Department of Law and Human Rights, especially the Directorate General of Correctional Institutions in implementing their main duties and functions of correction through Kejar Paket informal learning system in Children's Correctional Institutions."

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Hakim sebagai bagian dari sistem peradilan, memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam memberikan jaminan kepastian hukum kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk pengambilan keputusan pada suatu peradilan perkara. Namun, acap kali keputusan yang diambil hakim memberikan ketidakpastian hukum seperti disparitas pidana. Disparitas pidana dapat diartikan sebagai ketidak samaan putusan yang dijatuhkan pada perkara-perkara yang memiliki kesamaan. Sehingga, ketidaksamaan ini bisa memberikan rasa ketidak adilan kepada narapidana. Salah satu teori yang membahas disparitas pidana adalah teori legal realism. Para pendukung teori ini berpendapat bahwa dalam pengambilan suatu keputusan, hakim tidak hanya mendasarkan pada fakta-fakta hukum yang disajikan dalam persidangan, tetapi hakim juga mempertimbangakn faktor psikoligi, politik dan sosial. Dengan kata lain, hakim bisa saja menggabungkan faktor legal dan non-legal tersebut untuk menarik suatu keputasan suatu perkara peradilan. Disparitas pidana dan teori legal realism mendorong penulis melakukan suatu penelitian untuk melihat hubungan antara faktor legal dan non-legal terhadap durasi penahanan pada narapidan anak, dan juga untuk menguji coba beberapa hipotesa guna mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi masa tahanan narapidana anak di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode model regresi Ordinary Least Square, penelitian ini menemukan adanya suatu hubungan beberapa faktor legal dan non legal terhadap masa penahanan narapidana anak. Dari delapan faktor yang diuji, hanya terdapat dua faktor yaitu lokasi peradilan dan tingkat kejahatan yang secara signifikan mempengaruhi hakim dalam menentukan masa penahanan. Hasil dari penelitan ini bisa digunakan sebagai salah satu dasar dalam pengambilan keputusan oleh pihak terkait dalam rangka mengurangi disparitas pidana terutama untuk narapidana anak.

Kata kunci: disparitas, faktor legal, faktor extralegal, narapidana anak,  putusan hakim,

 

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The judge as the main actor in the justice system, plays a significant role in providing justice and legal certainty for the society through every decision made in court. However, in practice, the judges decision often leads to legal uncertainties such as the disparity in sentencing. Disparity in sentencing is defined as the application of an unequal sentencing to similar offenses in practice of the court, specifically with regard to the duration of the final sentence. Hence, it may bring a sense of inequality in justice for the defendants. One legal theory discussing disparity in sentencing is the legal realism theory. Legal realists argue that not only rational application of laws, but also psychological, political, and social factors need to be considered by the judges in making the final sentence. In other words, the judges may combine legal and extra-legal elements to derive final decision for the cases. Sentencing disparity and legal realism theory inspired the author to conduct a research to examine the correlation between legal-extralegal factors and the duration of the final sentence, and also hypotheses testing to figure out the influencing factors on that affect the duration set for juvenile defendants in Indonesia. Applying quantitative methods with Ordinary Least Square regression model, this research found the correlation of some legal and extralegal factors to the length of incarceration among juvenile defendants. In addition, among eight factors examined in this research, only two factors, namely the location of the court and seriousness level of crime were found to significantly influence the judges on sentencing. The findings of the study can be used to set legal policy to reduce the disparity in the final sentence especially for juvenile defendants.

Keywords: disparity, final sentence juvenile defendant, legal-extralegal factors, legal realist

 

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"ABSTRAKProgram Pembinaan Narapidana merupakan suatu usaha untuk mengembalikan narapidana ke masyarakat bebas dengan bekal kemampuan kepribadian dan kemandirian yang dibutuhkan untuk menjadi warga yang baik dan berguna dihubungkan dengan Sistem Pemasyarakatan Indonesia. Pembinaan narapidana melibatkan seluruh komponen yaitu petugas sebagai pembina dan narapidana sebagai yang dibina serta sarana / fasilitas yang dimiliki Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.serta peran serta masyarakat. Pembinaan narapidana dipengaruhi pula oleh lingkungan internal dan lingkungan eksternal sebagai faktor pendukung dan penghambat. Melalui analisis SWOT akan dapat diketahui kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan ancaman yang dihadapi oleh Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas I Cipinang.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, pengamatan langsung dan daftar dokumen. Pada kenyataannya arti penting peranan kegiatan kerja di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas I Cipinang belum dapat diimbangi dengan kinerja Lembaga Pemasyarakatan secara optimal, hal itu terlihat dengan masih banyaknya narapidana sebagai penghuni Lembaga Pemasyarakatanyang tidak bekerja dan masih banyak pula narapidana yang sama sekali tidak punya keterampilan kerja, atau dengan kata lain masih banyak dijumpai narapidana yangmenganggur. Sepanjang sejarah, Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas I Cipinang lebih banyak dihuni oleh para penganggur atau dengan kata lain adanya pengangguran yang tidak kentara di dalam Lapas dan banyaknya narapidana yang tidak memiliki keterampilan kerja. Maka dari itu arti dari sebuah Perencanaan Strategi di Bengkel Kerja Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas I Cipinang menjadi sangatpenting, untuk menelaah dan mencari jalan keluar dari permasalahan tersebut. Tesis ini bertujuan untukmengetahui bagaimana peranan kegiatan kerja bagi narapidana dapat ditingkatkan dalam memberikan bekal keterampilan dan keahlian bagi narapidana agar dapat digunakan mencari nafkah setelah bebas dari Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas I Cipinang.

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ABSTRACTPrisoners Mentoring Program is an effort to restore the community to free prisoners armed with personality and independence skills needed to become good and useful citizens connected with the Indonesian Penal System. Coaching involves all components of the inmates as coaches and officials who supervised inmates as well as facility / facilities of the Institute Pemasyarakatan.serta community participation. Coaching inmates influenced by the internal environment and the external environment as enabling and inhibiting factors. Through the SWOT analysis will be able to know the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by the Class I Cipinang Penitentiary.The method used in this study is a qualitative research method. Data were collected through interviews, direct observation and document lists. In fact the importance of the role of collaborative activities in Class I Cipinang Penitentiary can not be offset by the performance of Corrections optimally, it isstill seen by many inmates as residents Institute Pemasyarakatanyang not work and there are still many prisoners who had no job skills, or in other words, there's also a yang menganggur inmates. Throughout history, Class I Cipinang Penitentiary more populated by the unemployed or in other words theexistence of unemployment that are not apparent in the number of prisons and inmates who do not have job skills. Thus the meaning of a Strategic Planning Workshop Penitentiary in Class I Cipinang be extremely important, to examine and find solutions to these problems. This thesis aims untukmengetahui how the role of collaborative activities for inmates can be improved in providing sustenance for inmates skills and expertise that can be used to make a living after being released from prisons Class I Cipinang."

"Setiap warga negara berhak mendapatkan pendidikan dan pengajaran yang tayak dan sesuai dengan tingkat kebutuhannya. Hal ini juga berlaku bagi anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum dan sedang menjalani hukuman di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan (Lapas) Anak. Pendidikan selain merupakan hak juga merupakan kebutuhan bagi anak sebagai bekal kehidupannya kelak di masyarakat.Penyelenggaraan pendidikan formal dan non formal bagi anak didik pemasyarakatan di Lapas Anak, khususnya di Lapas Anak Pria Tangerang, masih kurang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anak untuk bekal kehidupannya di masa depan. Hal ini mengingat penyelenggaraan pendidikan bagi anak didik pemasyarakatan dipengaruhi faktor internal dan eksternal. Secara internal, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi berkaitan dengan kondisi anak didik yang berbeda, yaitu : latar belakang kehidupan, latar belakang perbuatan, lamanya pidana, jenis pelanggaran hukum, serta keterbatasan sumber daya dari pihak Lapas untuk dapat mengakomodasikan pendidikan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anak. Sedang secara ekstemal, faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah masih adanya stigma negatifmasyarakat terhadap anak didik pemasyarakatan.Untuk mengkaji model pendidikan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anak didik, make kerangka berfikir mengacu pada Teori Konstruktivisme oleh Bodnar (Didang Setiawan, 2004) yang mengemukakan bahwa pembelajaran merupakan proses sosial yang aktif. Lingkungan pembelajaran perlu di kondisikan agar memiliki situasi yang mampu membuat murid dapat menciptakan pengetahuannya melalui aktivitasnya sendiri, baik fisik maupun mental. Mengacu teori tersebut penulis mengumpulkan data dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jumiah responden 24 prang, terdiri dari : tokoh pendidikan dan pemerhati anak, Pejabat Direktorat Jenderal Pemasyarakatan, Pejabat Direktorat Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, Kepala-kepala Lapas Anak, Tenaga pengajar/guru, dan anak didik pemasyarakatan.Dari hasil anaiisis data, penyelenggaraan pendidikan formal dan non formal bagi anak didik pemasyarakatan di Lapas Anak saat ini masih dirasakan masih kurang optimal memenuhi kebutuhan anak didik, oleh karena itu diperlukan bentuk pendidikan alternatif yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan karakter anak didik berupa pendidikan khusus.

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Every people have the right to receive good education and learning based on their needs. This is also applied for children who are in conflict with law and/or are currently in Juvenile Correctional Center (Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Anak). Education is not only a right for children but is also a need for their future Iife.

The current implementation of formal and non formal education for children in Juvenile Center has not met the need for their future life. There are internal and external factors that influence the quality of education in the Center. The internal factors include the condition of children such as their life background, behaviour background, the length of their sentence, type of the cases, and the limitation of the Center's resources to implement the teaching learning activities that meet to children' needs. The external factor mainly is the negative stigmatisation to the convicted children from the community.

The Constructivism theory by Bodner (Didang Setiawan, 2004) was applied to study the education model that perfectly meet the children need. The theory believes that learning is an active social process and the learning environment should be conditioned to support the situation to encourage children to improve their knowledge through exploring their activities, both physically and mentally. The study use qualitative research to collect the data from 24 respondents include education specialist and children right expert, the Directors from Direktorat Jenderal Pemasyarakatan, the Director of Directorate of Special Education, several Head of Juvenile Correctional Center, Educator/teachers and children in the Juvenile Correctional Center.

The analysis data show that the implementation of formal and non formal education at Juvenile Correctional Center are still unable to meet the children's need. Therefore, it is important to have an alternative education, called Special education, which meet the children' need and character in the JuveniIse Correctional Center."