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"Tesis ini membahas mengenai Proposal Special Products bagi produk pertanian dalam Negosiasi Doha Development Agenda (DDA) oleh negara berkembang, dalam rangka menciptakan keadilan dalam perdagangan internasional dalam konteks WTO. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat sejauhmana perkembangan negosiasi konsep Special Products, serta peranan dan kesiapan Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang untuk mempersiapkan sektor pertaniannya sesuai konsep Special Products sehingga dapat efektif di Indonesia.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negosiasi proposal Special Products sudah sangat berkembang walupun masih terdapat beberapa hambatan dalam negosiasi, Indonesia sebagai koordinator kelompok G-33 menunjukkan peranan yang signifikan dalam negosiasi, dan Pemerintah telah melakukan upaya yang cukup menunjang dalam rangka menyiapkan sektor pertanian Indonesia agar dapat efektif memanfaatkan hasil negosiasi proposal Special Products.

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The focus of this study is concerning negotiations on Special Products for agricultural products proposal by developing countries under the Doha Development Agenda, in order to create a balance in international trade in a frame of WTO. The study is focusing on the development of the proposal negotiation, the role of Indonesia in the negotiation and the preparation and also the readiness of Indonesia as a developing country to adjust effectively Indonesian agricultural sectors with the Special Products Proposal.The result of the study shown that the negotiation of the proposal is increased but there are still many obstacle in the negotiation, Indonesia play a good role in the negotiation as a coordinator of G-33 Groups, and the Government has made several policy in agriculture in order to develop Indonesian agricultural sectors in order to prepare the agriculture sectors to take the benefit of the special products proposal negotiation."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai Proposal Special Products bagi produk pertanian dalam Negosiasi Doha Development Agenda (DDA) oleh negara berkembang, dalam rangka menciptakan keadilan dalam perdagangan internasional dalam konteks WTO. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat sejauhmana perkembangan negosiasi konsep Special Products, serta peranan dan kesiapan Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang untuk mempersiapkan sektor pertaniannya sesuai konsep Special Products sehingga dapat efektif di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negosiasi proposal Special Products sudah sangat berkembang walupun masih terdapat beberapa hambatan dalam negosiasi, Indonesia sebagai koordinator kelompok G-33 menunjukkan peranan yang signifikan dalam negosiasi, dan Pemerintah telah melakukan upaya yang cukup menunjang dalam rangka menyiapkan sektor pertanian Indonesia agar dapat efektif memanfaatkan hasil negosiasi proposal Special Products.

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The focus of this study is concerning negotiations on Special Products for agricultural products proposal by developing countries under the Doha Development Agenda, in order to create a balance in international trade in a frame of WTO. The study is focusing on the development of the proposal negotiation, the role of Indonesia in the negotiation and the preparation and also the readiness of Indonesia as a developing country to adjust effectively Indonesian agricultural sectors with the Special Products Proposal. The result of the study shown that the negotiation of the proposal is increased but there are still many obstacle in the negotiation, Indonesia play a good role in the negotiation as a coordinator of G-33 Groups, and the Government has made several policy in agriculture in order to develop Indonesian agricultural sectors in order to prepare the agriculture sectors to take the benefit of the special products proposal negotiation."

"It is a paradox that Indonesian agriculture would prefer a market oriented condition to enhance its economic performance but al the same time it requires at significant degree cf Government intervention to maintain its economic and non economic goals to face with economic globalization. The existence of marker imperfection as an argument of government intervention on agriculture has been an economic characteristic of agriculture of developing countries and' it is being worsened by biased trade policy applied by developed countries. By realizing its unfaded importance, Indonesia should see the paradox and consider it when making position for negotiations on market liberalization of agriculture."

"Ketika Putaran Doha resmi dibuka di Doha, Qatar pada November 2001. Negara anggota WTO menyetujui putaran ini dinamakan ?Doha Development Agenda" (DDA). Sebagian besar Negara berkembang berpendapat bahwa putaran perundingan perdagangan sebelumnya telah menciptakan aturan-aturan yang hanya menguntungkan Negara-negara maju yang berpendapatan tinggi dan mendominasi perdagangan global saat ini. Tulisan ini menyajikan informasi-informasi pada perkembangan perundingan dalam DDA di bidang pertanian, Dalam rangka meningkarkan reformasi pertanian guna memperoleh sistem perdagangan global yang lebih adil dan sederajat, tulisan ini memberikan gambaran proposal dan posisi yang ditunjukkan oleh Negara-negara berkembang dolam perundingan-perundingan WTO dalam 3 pilar permalahan, yaitu akses pasar (market access), dukungan dalam negeri (domestic support, dan subsidi ekspor (export subsidies)."

"Agricultural sector has a very strategic role in the national development. Nevertheless, the agricultural sector still deals with some problems, e.g. lack of capital for farmers and agricultural business. National banks, theoretically, have a significant potential for agricultural financing because of their core business as the financial intermediary institution. However, the facts show that national banking credit to the agricultural sector is still limited, that is less than 6 percent. This paper aims to review potential, role and the constraint of national banks in financing the agricultural sector. The study shows that the lack of financing in the agricultural sector by national banks caused by high risk in the agricultural sector, complicated term in credit proposal, poor management of agricultural businesses due to its micro-small scale, and limited competence of bank in the field of agricultural finance. The government tries to increase agricultural finance through increasing budget allocation to this sector, improving effectiveness of state budget funds, or formulating an alternative financing scheme in accordance with the characteristics of agriculture."

"Pasca Perang Dunia II, Jepang maju pesat sebagai negara industri maju. Sektor manufaktur Jepang, termasuk industri otomotif berkembang pesat. Namun, laju industrialisasi menyebabkan perpindahan penduduk usia produktif dari desa ke kota dan dari sektor pertanian ke sektor industri. Akibatnya, sektor pertanian hanya ditangani oleh tenaga kerja usia lanjut. Di samping itu, nilai tambah yang rendah juga menyebabkan sektor pertanian kurang diminati oleh generasi muda angkatan kerja. Akibatnya, pertanian menjadi sektor yang tidak kompetitif di Jepang. Sejak era pertumbuhan ekonomi tinggi, pemerintah Jepang menjalankan kebijakan proteksi dengan memberi subsidi kepada pelaku sektor pertanian. Memasuki abad ke-21, globalisasi dan liberalisasi perdagangan menjadi agenda utama dunia, termasuk Jepang. Untuk mengantisipasi impor produk pertanian yang lebih murah, pemerintah Jepang harus menjalankan kebijakan untuk tidak hanya melindungi, tetapi juga membantu meningkatkan daya saing sektor pertanian. Setelah menjabat sebagai perdana menteri pada Desember 2012, PM Shinzo Abe mengeluarkan paket kebijakan ekonomi salah satunya untuk sektor pertanian. Selain itu, pada Mei 2013 PM Shinzo Abe memutuskan bahwa Jepang akan berpartisipasi dalam perundingan Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Di saat yang bersamaan, PM Abe mendorong implementasi beberapa kebijakan untuk meningkatkan daya saing sektor pertanian Jepang.

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In post World War II era, Japan has transformed itself into a leading industrial nation. Manufacturing industries, including automotive industry, has become a leading industry for Japan. However, rapid industrialization caused the urbanization and the migration of working forces from rural to urban area. Consequently, agricultural sector was left to the elderly worker. Meanwhile, the value added of the agricultural products are much lower, causing it less and less attractive to the younger generation. As a result, agricultural sector became less competitive. Since the era of high economic growth, the Japanese government has been taking a number of protective policies, including heavy subsidies, to protect the farmers. However, in the 21st century, globalization and trade liberalization has become the rule of the day, and Japan must also join itu. In order to anticipate the influx of low price agricultural product imports, the Japanese government had to implement policies not only to protect, but also to empower the farmers, and to make agricultural sector in Japan more competitive. In December 2012, prime minister Abe Shinzo came to power, and immediately after, he announced a number of economic policies, including policies to boost the growth of agricultural sector. In May 2013, PM Abe announced that Japan will join the negotiation of Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). At the same time, PM Abe had push the implementation of a number of policies to boost agricultural sector in Japan."

"Tulisan ini mengkaji pariwisata dan agenda pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam perspektif HI melalui studi literatur. Melalui metode taksonomi, tulisan ini menganalisis 46 literatur dan memetakannya dalam tiga tema: (1) faktor pembentuk keterkaitan pariwisata dan agenda pembangunan berkelanjutan; (2) kontribusi pariwisata dalam agenda pembangunan berkelanjutan; dan (3) kritik terhadap neoliberalisme terkait konsep dan praktik pariwisata dalam agenda pembangunan berkelanjutan. Hasil pemetaan literatur menunjukkan bahwa industri pariwisata memberikan dampak multidimensional yang sejalan dengan agenda pembangunan berkelanjutan. Selain itu,  terdapat struktur dan relasi kekuatan yang mendasari suatu aksi, norma, dan kebijakan mengenai pariwisata dalam agenda pembangunan berkelanjutan yang berjalan. Lebih jauh, tulisan ini  menemukan bahwa struktur dan relasi kekuatan saat ini didasari oleh pandangan neoliberal yang menempatkan aktor swasta sebagai pelaku pembangunan yang dominan bidang sosial, ekonomi, dan politik sehingga menjadi tantangan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa industri pariwisata adalah arena politik yang terdiri dari kontestasi kuasa, kekuatan, dan kepentingan antar-aktor sehingga dibutuhkan partisipasi bottom-up dan diskusi inklusif agar kebijakan pariwisata dan agenda pembangunan berkelanjutan dapat berjalan optimal dan tepat sasaran. Tulisan ini juga mengidentifikasi dua ceruk penelitian. Pertama, minimnya pembahasan keterkaitan pariwisata dalam agenda pembangunan berlanjutan dari kajian keamanan internasional. Dalam hal ini, konteks keamanan  non tradisional, termasuk keamanan manusia (human security) dapat digunakan sebagai dasar analisis. Kedua, terbatasnya literatur yang menempatkan negara maju sebagai objek analisis, padahal pembahasan tersebut  dapat menambah pemahaman  dan pembelajaran bagi akademisi HI dan pengambil kebijakan. 

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This paper examines tourism and the sustainable development agenda from an international relations perspective through a study of literature. The author uses the taxonomic method to analyze 46 peer-reviewed literature and map them into three themes: (1) constructing factors of tourism and the sustainable development agenda; (2) tourism's contribution to the sustainable development agenda; and (3) criticism of neoliberalism on tourism concept and practice in the sustainable development agenda. The mapping of the literature indicates that the tourism industry provides a multidimensional impact in line with the sustainable development agenda. Furthermore, this paper identifies structures and power relations that construct actions, norms, and policies regarding tourism in the ongoing sustainable development agenda. Moreover, this paper’s analysis shows that the structure and power relations in question are neoliberalism, which strengthens private actors in all sectors; hence becomes a development challenge in itself. This paper concludes that the tourism industry is a political arena consisting of the contestation of power, strength, and interests between actors. Thus, bottom-up participation and inclusive discussion are needed in order for tourism policies and the sustainable development agenda can run optimally. This paper also identifies two research gaps. First, the linkage of tourism and the sustainable development agenda with security issues should be explored, in this matter human security as a non-traditional security approach can be used as an analytic framework. Second, there is limited literature that frame developed countries as the object of analysis, even though this discussion may be a lesson learned for HI academics and policy makers."