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"Konsumsi mineral untuk pembuatan alat dan fasilitas yang berguna bagi manusia terus meningkat selama beberapa dekade. Penambangan terestrial telah menjadi metode penambangan utama untuk mengekstraksi mineral bumi selama beberapa ribu tahun, namun kemunculan deep-sea mining sedang dalam perjalanan sejak tahun 1960-an dan sudah pada titik komersialisasi. Isu dampak dari penambangan laut dalam menjadi alasan utama berkembangnya deep-sea mining. deep-sea mining berada pada ekosistem yang paling rapuh di planet ini yang disebut zona bentik, sekaligus merupakan ekosistem terpenting di planet ini untuk mendukung ekosistem lain dalam memelihara telur, larva, dan juvenilnya. Dampak deep-sea mining terhadap ekosistem laut dalam juga menjadi perhatian Indonesia, karena penambangan laut dalam dimungkinkan untuk dilakukan, namun belum ada peraturan perlindungan lingkungan nasional untuk melestarikan atau melindungi ekosistem laut dalam. Kondisi kekosongan hukum dalam deep-sea mining ini dapat diisi dengan prinsip kehati-hatian yang telah dicanangkan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dalam UU No. 32 Tahun 2009, namun hal tersebut bukanlah solusi yang mutlak atau optimal untuk mengatasi dampak deep-sea mining, dengan tetap mengacu pada konvensi, perjanjian, atau traktat internasional yang telah diratifikasi atau dikontribusikan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia.

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The consumption of minerals for manufacturing tools and facilities that are helpful for humans is on the rise for decades. Terrestrial mining has been the main mining method to extract the earth's minerals for several thousand years, yet the emergence of deep-sea mining is on its way since the 1960s and is already on the point of being commercialized. The issues of impact from deep-sea mining are the main reason for the development of deep-sea mining. The action of deep-sea mining is located in the most fragile ecosystem on this planet called as benthic zone, while also the most important ecosystem on this planet to support other ecosystems to nurture their eggs, larvae, and juveniles. The impact of deep-sea mining on deep-sea ecosystems is also a concern for Indonesia, as it is possible to do deep-sea mining, yet there are no national environmental protection regulations to preserve nor protect the deep-sea ecosystem. This legal vacuum condition in deep-sea mining could be filled with the precautionary principle that the Indonesia Government in Law No. 32 of 2009, yet it isn’t the absolute nor the optimal solution to tackle the impact of deep-sea mining, while reflecting on any International convention, agreement, or treaty that have been ratified or contributed by the Indonesian government."

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Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang memiliki banyak kekayaan dari bahan alam laut. Flora dan fauna laut terbukti menghasilkan senyawa kimia yang dapat menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif. Akan tetapi, hingga saat ini penelitian senyawa kimia bahan laut untuk menjadi kandidat obat masih minim sekali. Hal ini disebabkan belum tersedianya pangkalan data senyawa kimia bahan laut yang lengkap dan gratis untuk dilakukan penelitian in silico. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat pangkalan data senyawa kimia bahan laut yang lengkap dan gratis agar pangkalan data dapat membantu penelitian in silico untuk pengembangan obat baru dari bahan laut. Penelitian ini diawali dengan mengumpulkan data-data senyawa kimia bahan laut yang pernah dilakukan Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Indonesia. Kemudian dilakukan optimasi dan validasi struktur menggunakan metode MMFF94 dan AM1-BCC, pengumpulan parameter fisikokimia dan informasi ADME/T serta sumber referensinya. Setelah data-data ini berhasil dikumpulkan, dibuatkanlah basis data menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP/MySQL yang dapat diakses menggunakan website. Pangkalan data senyawa kimia bahan laut ini dapat diakses secara gratis melalui laman sementara  https://marine-db.vercel.app/ dan akan dipindah ke marinedb.herbaldb.info diharapkan dapat memperbanyak penelitian obat dari senyawa kimia bahan laut dilakukan.

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Indonesia is a country that consists of many island which has a lot of wealth from natural marine materials. Marine flora and fauna have been proven to produce chemical compounds that can produce bioactive compounds. However, until now research on chemical compounds from marine materials to become drug candidates is still minimal. This is due to the unavailability of a complete and free database of marine chemical compounds for in silico research. This research aims to create a complete and free database of marine chemical compounds so that the database can assist in silico research for the development of new drugs from marine ingredients. This research began by collecting data on chemical compounds from marine materials which had been carried out by the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Indonesia. Then optimization and validation of the structure were carried out using the MMFF94 and AM1-BCC methods, collecting physicochemical parameters and ADME/T information as well as reference sources. After this data has been collected, a database is created using the PHP/MySQL programming language which can be accessed using the website. The marine compound database temporarily accessible at https://marine-db.vercel.app/and will be migrated to marinedb.herbaldb.info is expected to improve drug discovery and development from marine bioactive compounds.

 

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"Anthropogenic changes to the marine environment are causing some considerable concern and yet there is very little information on the overall effects of either single or multiple human influences on species, populations, or, indeed, communities. The indication is that anthropogenic stressors have significantly altered the composition and diversity of marine communities at almost every trophic level, which can have profound effects on surviving species and ecosystems, especially when major processes are supported by a limited number of species. Studies investigating the effects of multiple stressors, however, are challenging as ecological changes are underpinned by physiological adjustments and differences in tolerance levels which are highly variable among and within species and populations. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of multiple stressors, this volume summarizes current understanding of the physiological and ecological responses of marine species to a wide range of potential stressors (salinity, hypoxia, ocean acidification, temperature, chemical pollution, nitrogen deposition, ultraviolet radiation, and noise), before it considers what is currently known about effects of multiple co-occurring stressors in the marine environment. Expertise, ranging from emerging early career researchers to leaders in the field, have been brought together to outline the responses shown by different marine species and habitats at different levels of biological and ecological organization, as well as to provide perspectives on potential future outcomes for some of the most pressing environmental issues facing society today."