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"Dynamics of astrophysical systems is often described by plasma physics, yet understanding the nature of plasma turbulence remains as a challenge in physics in both theories and experiments. This book is an up-to-date summary and review of recent results in research on waves and turbulence in near-Earth space plasma turbulence, obtained by Cluster, the multi-spacecraft mission. Spatial and temporal structures of solar wind turbulence as well as its interaction with the bow shock ahead of the earth are presented using cluster data. The book presents (1) historical developments, (2) theoretical background of plasma physics, turbulence theories, and the plasma physical picture of the solar system, (3) analysis methods for multi-spacecraft data, (4) results of cluster data analysis, and (5) impacts on astrophysics and earth sciences."

"Quantitative information about solar radiation in agro-forestry system in Indonesia is relatively limited. To study the amount of solar radiation below forest trees stand, a survey based research was conducted from October 2002 to February 2003 in Central Java, Indonesia. The location of the survey were chosen based on the kinds of trees and forests. They were Purwodadi (teak, mahogany and sonokeling production forest), Karanganyar - Purworejo (pines production forest), and Klaten (semolina and yucca as conservation forest). The decrease in the Relative's Irradiation Fraction (RIF) under the trees was found related to the increased of the tree aging, adjusted to the exponential decrease model (RIP=1.25e -0.18 X). The RIP under tree canopy was clearly explained by diameter on the breast height diameter of trunk (DBH) divided by the half of tree row spacing (2D/X+Y) therefore the RIF was formulated as 0.2829 (2D/(X+Y)."

"Quantitative information about solar radiation in agro-forestry system in Indonesia is relatively limited. To study the amount of solar radiation below forest trees stand, a survey based research was conducted from october 2002 to February 2003 in Central Java, Indonesia. The location of the survey were chosen based on the kinds of trees forests. They were Purwodadi (teak, mahogany and sonokeling production forest), Karanganyer- Purworejo (pines production forest) and Klaten (semolina and yucca as conservation forest). The decrease in the relative's Irradiation Fraction (RIF) under the trees was found realted to the increased of the tree aging, adjusted to the exponential decrease model (RIF=1.25e -0,18 x). The RIF under tree canopy was clearly explained by diameter on the breast height diameter of trunk (DBH) divided by the half of tree row spacing (2D/(X+Y) therefore the RIF was formulated as e 0.2829 (2D/(X+Y)."

"This book provides a focused description of the current state of research and experimental results concerning nanodust in the solar system. It addresses three major questions: What is nanodust? How was it discovered in the solar system? And how do we interpret the observations? The book serves as a self-contained reference work for space researchers and provides solid information on nanodust in cosmic environments for researchers working in astrophysics or in other fields of physics. "