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"Dewasa ini aflatoksin mendapat banyak perhatian di kalangan banyak ahli, karena diduga keras bahwa senyawa tersebut merupakan bahan penyebab kanker (karsinogenik). Akibat yang paling mencemaskan bagi mereka yang mengkonsumsi bahan makanan yang tercemar aflatoksin ialah kerusakkan hati dari tingkat yang paling ringan sampai paling berat, yakni kanker hati. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk identifikasi dan penetapan kadar cemaran aflatoksin dalam makanan yang mengandung kacang tanah dan kacang kedelai secara KLT densitometri, menggunakan fase diam lempeng KLT silika gel 60 GF254 dan fase gerak kloroform-etil asetat (7:3) dengan deteksi fluoresensi pada panjang gelombang eksitasi 354 nm. Hasil dari pembuatan kurva kalibrasi aflatoksin B1 (AFB1) dan aflatoksin G1 (AFG1) antara 10-100 ppb; batas deteksi AFB1 dan AFG1 masing-masing 2,93 ppb dan 4,77 ppb.Penerapan metode ini pada sembilan macam sampel yang mengandung kacang tanah dan kacang kedelai menunjukkan hasil positif AFB1 pada delapan sampel dengan kadar 1-4 ppb dan satu sampel yang positif AFB1 dan AFG1, dengan kadar AFG1 4,43 ppb. Hasil ini lebih kecil dari LOD dan LOQ.

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At present, aflatoxin is beginning to get more attention from the scientist, because highly suspected that this compound is carcinogenic. The most anxious effect to them who consumed food-contaminated by aflatoxin is liver damaged, which varied from the lowest level until the highly dangerous level (liver cancer). This study was designed to identified and determined the aflatoxin concentration in the food samples which contain peanut and beans. That using TLC-densitometry, the analitycal condition is using: TLC silica gel 60 GF254 as the stationary phase, chloroform-ethyl asetat (7:3) as the mobile phase, fluorescence measurement mode with the 354 nm.

The results showed calibration curve of AFB1 and AFG1 between 10-100 ppb; detection limit of AFB1 and AFG1 are 2.93 ppb and 4.77 ppb. The implementation of this method in 9 samples that contain peanuts and soy beans that sold in the market shows positive of AFB1 in 8 samples with concentration of AFB1 1-4 ppb and positive of AFB1 and AFG1 in only one sample with concentration 4.565 ppb. This results less than LOD and LOQ."

"Metode kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT) dengan detektor fluoresensi telah dikembangkan untuk analisis furosemid dalam plasma manusia in vitro. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memperoleh kondisi yang optimum untuk analisis furosemid dalam plasma in vitro dan melakukan validasi metode analisis tersebut. Pemisahan dilakukan menggunakan kolom μBondapak TM C18 (Waters). Fase gerak terdiri dari asetonitril?larutan kalium dihidrogen fosfat 0,02 M (34:66) pH 3,0 dengan kecepatan alir 1,0 ml/menit dan dideteksi dengan detektor fluoresensi pada panjang gelombang eksitasi 275 dan emisi 410 nm. Teknik penyiapan sampel dilakukan dengan cara pengendapan protein menggunakan asetonitril dan ekstraksi dengan etil asetat. Propranolol HCl digunakan sebagai baku dalam. Metode ini memberikan nilai linearitas pada rentang konsentrasi 0,2016-1,5120 μg/ml dengan nilai koefisien korelasi (r=0,9980). Lower Limit of Quantitation (LLOQ) adalah 0,2016 μg/m. Metode ini telah divalidasi dan menunjukkan hasil presisisi 1,1532-10,9041% dan akurasi (% diff) -6,1839-4,5304%. Uji perolehan kembali furosemid diperoleh antara 93.8161-104.5304%. Hasil validasi metode memenuhi kriteria yang ditetapkan.

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A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detector for analysis furosemide in human plasma has been developed. The aim of this research is to find out the optimum condition of furosemide in human plasma in vitro analysis using HPLC and then validate the method. The separation was carried out in a μBondapak TM C18 (Waters) coloumn. The mobile phase consisted of asetonitril?potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 0.02 M (34:66) pH 3.0 at flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute. The sample preparation technique was protein precipitation with asetonitril and extracted with ethyl acetate. Propranolol HCl was used as an internal standard. Linearity was establish for range concentration of 0.2016-1.5120 μg/ml with coefficient of corelation of 0.9980. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was found to be 0.2016 μg/ml. This method was validated with precisions 1.1532-10.9041% and accuracies (% diff) -6.1839-4.5304%. The furosemide recovery percentage was between 93.8161-104.5304%. The result of validation method fulfilled for the given criteria."

"N-Metil-2-Pirolidon (NMP) memiliki kemampuan dalam meningkatkan penetrasi zat aktif dengan cara meningkatkan difusi polar kulit serta menurunkan difusi dan partisi rute nonpolar kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis NMP dalam sediaan injeksi secara kromatografi gas. Metode kromatografi gas yang sederhana dan sensitif telah dikembangkan dan dioptimasi serta divalidasi untuk analisis NMP dalam beberapa sedian injeksi. Pemisahan komponen dalam sampel dianalisis menggunakan kolom VB-Wax dan dideteksi menggunakan detektor ionisasi nyala. Analisis dilakukan dengan teknik gradien dengan suhu awal kolom 160oC dan dinaikkan suhunya 3oC permenit hingga suhu 180oC dengan kecepatan alir 1,4 mL/menit. N,N- dimetil formamida digunakan sebagai pelarut dalam analisis. Koefisien korelasi kurva kalibrasi (r= 0,9997) berada pada rentang konsentrasi 39,43 - 98,59 μg/ml. nilai koefisien variasi pada tiga konsentrasi NMP berbeda adalah lebih rendah dari 2%. Uji perolehan kembali NMP diperoleh antara 98,104 - 101,663%. Hasil validasi metode memenuhi kriteria yang ditetapkan.

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N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) has the ability to improve the penetration of active substance by increasing the diffusion of polar skin and decreased diffusion and partition of nonpolar route skin. The research aims to analyze NMP in injection dosage by gas chromatography. Gas chromatography method is simple and sensitive have been developed, optimized, and validated for analysis of NMP in some performed injection. Separation of components in the samples were analyzed using VB-Wax column and detected using a flame ionization detector.

The analysis was done by using a column temperature gradients. The initial temperature of the column was set at 160oC and 3oC temperature increase per minute up to 180oC with air flow rate 1,4 mL/min. N,N-Dimethylformamide used as a solvent. The coefficient of correlation value obtained by calibration curve in the concentration range of 39,43 - 98,59 μg/ml. Value of the coefficient of variation NMP is lower than 2%. The NMP recovery percentage was between 98,104 - 101,663%. The result of validation method fulfilled for the given criteria."

"Makanan yang difermentasikan merupakan unsur utama yang digunakan sebagai menu makanan sehari-hari penduduk di semua bagian dunia, karena cara membuatnya mudah, praktis, murah dan aman. Makanan fermentasi yang mengandung alkohol seperti tape ketan, tape singkong maupun brem, ternyata proses pembuatannya pun relatif mudah yaitu dengan ragi. Pada saat peragian, terjadi perubahan bentuk dari pati menjadi glukosa yang pada akhirnya menghasilkan alkohol. Pada penelitian ini, alkohol pada beberapa makanan fermentasi ditetapkan kadarnya secara kromatografi gas. Kondisi terpilih pada penetapan kadar alkohol dalam berbagai makanan fermentasi dengan kromatografi gas adalah pada tekanan gas pembawa 40 kPa, temperatur kolom 30ºC, temperatur tempat penyuntikan 100ºC serta temperatur detektor 100ºC. Baku dalam yang digunakan adalah n-propanol. Kadar alkohol yang diperoleh pada berbagai makanan fermentasi yaitu tape A sebesar 4,9459 ± 0,0301%, tape B sebesar 4,6449 ± 0,0413%, tape ketan A sebesar 5,5581 ± 0,0508%, tape ketan B sebesar 5,5185 ± 0,0391%, brem A sebesar 4,0439 ± 0,0076% dan brem B sebesar 4,209 ± 0,0233%.

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The foods fermented were the main substance that usefull for daily meal in people all of the world, because how to make them were easy, practis, cheap and save. The fermentation food that containing alcohol such as tape ketan, tape singkong and brem, obviously the process was very easy by used yeast. While in fermentation, the form become changed from starch to glucose that finally produced alcohol. By using gas chromatography method we can determination the quantity of alcohol in food fermentation. The condition choosed for quantitative determination of alcohol in several fermentation food by gas chromatography were pressure of carrier gas at 40 kPa, and temperature of column, injector, detector were 30ºC, 100ºC and 100ºC respectively. n-propanol was used as internal standard. The content of alcohol in these food fermentation were : tape A has 4,9459 ± 0,0301%, tape B has 4,6449 ± 0,0413%, tape ketan A has 5,5581 ± 0,0508%, tape ketan B has 5,5185 ± 0,0391%, brem A has 4,0439 ± 0,0076% and brem B has 4,209 ± 0,0233%."

"A method by high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of acrylamide in potato chips, is reported. The retention time for the elution of acrylamide from the C18 columm ranged from 3 to 3.2 minutes and the eluate was analyzed by UV-VIS detector. A linear response was found for the acrylamide standard tested within the concentration range of 0.8-10 g/ml and the corelation coefficient (r0 greater that 0.999 with detection limit 0.06 ppm and quantitatice limit 0.19 ppm. Sample preparation was performed by measn of solvent extraction using dichlormethane and subsequent re-extraction of the organic solvent with water. This aqueous sample solution was found to be free of any interferences and gave acrylamide and recorveries higher than 90%."

"Senyawa ester asam lemak merupakan bahan kimia yang banyak dikembangkan saat ini, diantaranya digunakan pada produk-produk kosmetika dan pangan. Di Indonesia banyak penghasil asam sitrat dan asam palmitat yang memungkinkan untuk pembuatan senyawa ester asam palmitat dan asam sitrat lainnya. Oleh karena itu, percobaan sintesis ester asam 2-heksadekanoiloksipropana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat melalui proses esterifikasi asam sitrat dan asam palmitat, yang diprediksi memiliki potensi sebagai emulgator perlu dilakukan. Asam 2-heksadekanoiloksipropana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat disintesis melalui tiga tahap reaksi. Tahap pertama mereaksikan asam sitrat dengan anhidrida asetat dalam suasana asam menghasilkan asetilsitrat. Tahap kedua mereaksikan asam palmitat dalam benzen dengan metanol menggunakan katalis asam sulfat pekat menghasilkan metil palmitat. Tahap ketiga interesterifikasi antara asetilsitrat dan metil palmitat dengan katalis natrium metoksida menghasilkan asam 2-heksadekanoiloksipropana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat dengan rendemen 72,07%. Metode analisis senyawa ester menggunakan kromatografi gas kolom VB-wax (60 m x 0,32 mm), suhu kolom terprogram 170-190ºC, kenaikkan 2ºC /menit, dan dipertahankan selama 30 menit. Pada kondisi analisis diperoleh waktu retensi asam 2-heksadekanoiloksipropana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat 39,894 menit dengan kadar 72,07%. Karakterisasi dari asam 2-heksadekanoiloksipropana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat memiliki bilangan asam sebesar 395,38 dan nilai HLB 7,625.

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Fatty acid esters compound were chemical subtance that were more developed now, that were used at food and cosmetic products. In Indonesia, many of citric acid and palmitic acid producer that possible to make another citric acid and palmitic acid esters compound. For that reason, experiment to synthesize ester of 2-hexadecanoyloxypropana-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid was might be synthesis by esterification of palmitic acid with citric acid, that was predicted has potency as emulsifier become necessary. 2-Hexadecanoyloxypropana-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid compound was synthesized over three steps of reaction.

First step was reacted citric acid with acetic anhydride in acidic environment yielded acetylcitrate. Second step was reacted palmitic acid in benzene with methanol catalyzed by sulfuric acid yielded methyl palmitate. Third step was interesterification of acetylcitrate with methyl palmitate catalyzed by sodium methoxide yielded 2-hexadecanoyloxypropana-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with rendement over 72.07%.

Method of analysis ester components was performed using gas chromatography with VB-Wax column (60 m x 0.32 mm), column temperature was programmed at 170ºC-190ºC, increased by 2ºC/minute, and held for 30 minutes. In analysis conditions was yielded retention time of 2-hexadecanoyloxypropana-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 39.894 minutes with levels 72.07%. Characterization of 2-hexadecanoyloxypropana-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid has acid value 395.38 and Hydrophilic Lipophylic Balance (HLB) value 7.625."