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"This volume covers topics ranging from fundamental aspects of calcium signaling to its clinical implications, in a thoughtful and comprehensive way. It includes discussion of calcium signaling in different mammalian cells, oocytes, zebrafishes and even in plants."

"ABSTRACTAsupan kalsium pada remaja berperan penting untuk memaksimalkan pertumbuhan massa tulang (peak bone mass). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor karakteristik individu (jenis kelamin dan pengetahuan gizi), pola makan (frekuensi konsumsi susu, frekuensi konsumsi sumber kalsium lainnya dan frekuensi konsumsi soft drink), aktivitas fisik dan sosial ekonomi ( uang saku, pendidikan ayah, pendidikan ibu) dengan asupan kalsium pada siswa-siswi SMP Negeri 1 Kota Depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 160 siswa-siswi kelas 8 dan data dianalisis dengan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan sebesar 97,5% siswa mempunyai asupan kalsium kurang dan rata-rata asupan kalsium siswa adalah 364,83mg± 296,6 atau 30,4% dari AKG 2013. Aktivitas fisik dan pendidikan ayah memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan asupan kalsium. Disarankan untuk pihak sekolah dan Pemerintah Kota Depok melalui instansi terkait memberikan edukasi mengenai pentingnya asupan kalsium dan gizi seimbang serta mempromosikan untuk minum susu 2 kali setiap hari.

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ABSTRACTCalcium intake of adolescent has important roles in maximizing the growth of peak bone mass. Thus, this research aimed to determine the relation between the characteristics of individual factors (gender and nutrition knowledge), diet (frequency of milk consumption, frequency of consumption of other sources of calcium, and frequency of consumption of soft drinks), physical activity and socio-economic (pocket money, father's education, mother's education) with calcium intake of students in SMP Negeri 1 Depok (State Junior High School 1 of Depok City). This research used a cross-sectional design with a total sample of 160 students from class 8 and the data were analyzed by chi-square test. The results showed 97.5% of students had less calcium intake and the average calcium intake of students was 364,83mg± 296,6. Physical activity and father's education have significant association with calcium intake. Thus, it is recommended for the school and Depok City Government through relevant city agencies to provide education about the importance of calcium intake and balanced nutrition and promoted to drink milk two times in everyday."

"Calcium is crucial in governing contractile activities of myofilaments in cardiomyocytes, any defeats in calcium homeostasis of the cells would adversely affect heart pumping action. The characterization of calcium handling properties in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPS-CMCs) is of significant interest and pertinent to the stem cell and cardiac regenerative field because of their potential patient-specific therapeutic use."

"Banyak penelitian ekstraksi silika dari sekam padi telah berhasil. Salah satu metode dengan metode sol-gel menggunakan reaktan NaOH dan asam kuat HCl. Larutan NaOH yang digunakan dengan konsentrasi 5 % dan 10 % serta larutan HCl yang digunakan sebanyak 1,5 M. Abu sekam padi yang digunakan adalah hasil pembakaran sekam padi sampai pada suhu 500oC. Proses Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode sol-gel menggunakan larutan NaOH selama 3 jam pada suhu ruang. Selanjutnya diendapkan dengan pengasaman menggunakan asam kuat hingga pH mencapai titik netral. Bahan yang dihasilkan adalah asam silikat yang berbentuk gel dan kemudian dikeringkan. Silika yang telah dikeringkan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan SEM, XRD dan ICP.Hasil penelitian SEM dan XRD akan menilai ukuran partikel silika dan struktur fasa. Sedangkan ICP akan mengetahui jumlah pengotor yang ada dalam partikel silika. Penelitian ini bermanfaat dalam meningkatkan efektifitas dari proses esktraksi silika dari sekam padi khususnya metode sol-gel.

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Many studies of silica extraction from rice husks have been successful. One method is the sol-gel method using NaOH and strong acid HCl as reactants. NaOH solution used with

a concentration of 5% and 10% and HCl solution used as much as 1.5 M. Rice husk ash

used is the result of burning rice husks to a temperature of 500oC. The extraction process

was carried out by the sol-gel method using NaOH solution for 3 hours at room

temperature. Then it is precipitated by acidification using a strong acid until the pH

reaches a neutral point. The resulting material is silicic acid in the form of a gel and then

dried. The dried silica was then analyzed using SEM, XRD and ICP. The results show

that the weight percentage is silica (SiO2). This research is useful in increasing the

effectiveness of the silica extraction process from rice husks."

"Study of loading rate effect on behavior of clay under one-way undrained cyclic loading was conducted by using triaxial automated system apparatus under stress controlled and undrained condition. The rests were carried out on Depok clay samples which compacted rising Standard Proctor at loading rate of 0, 05 and 0,5 %/min. and with a confining pressure (o3) of 50 kPa on sample. The samples were saturated until the coefficient B higher than 0.97. The test results indicated that the larger of delta-strain occured or higher loading rate."

"Tujuan: (1) mengetahui perubahan komposisi cairan tubuh dalam 24 jam pasca bedah pintas koroner dengan pintas jantung paru (BPK+PJP); (2) mengetahui besarya katabolisme protein dalam 24 jam pasca PBK+PJP; (3) mengetahui hubungan antara perubahan cairan infra sal (OS) dengan katabolisme protein. Tempat: Unit Terapi Intensif Rumah Sakit Jantung Harapan Kita Metodologi: Setelah mendapat persetujuan etik dari komite etik penelitian medis NCC, Harapan Kita Hospital, diperoleh 20 pasien laki-laki dengan BPK terencana. Volume cairan tubuh diukur dengan multiple frequency bioelecirical impedance (Dietosystem, Italy) pada frekuensi 1, 50, dan 100 kHz dengan menggunakan formula Guricci. Impedans diukur, 1 kali pra bedah dan 3 kali pasca bedah setiap 8 jam. Perubahan komposisi cairan tubuh dinilai dengan uji-t untuk 2 kelompok berpasangan. Nitrogen urea urin (NUU), kreatinin urin dan imbang nitrogen digunakan sebagai indikator katabolisme protein dengan menampung urin 8 jam pada interval yang sama dengan pe ukuran MFBIA Imbang nitrogen diperoleh dengan menghitung asupan dan NUU 24 jam pasta bedah. Hubungan antara perubahan cairan infra sel (CIS) dengan indikator katabolisme dihitung dengan uji korelasi Spearman Rank Hasil: Nilai ZI00 adalah 479 5l, indeks impedans 57,3 cm2/Q, dan volume cairan tubuh total (CM') 33,1 L terdiri dari 44,0% cairan ekstra sel (CES) dan 56,0% CIS. Pra bedah pasien termasuk euvolemia. Intra bedah terjadi imbang cairan +1744 (826-4312) mL. Delapan jam pertama terjadi peningkatan bermakna dari cairan tubuh. Dalam 24 jam pasca BPK+PJP terjadi peningkatan CTT 16,0%; CES 20,7%, dan CIS 13,0%. Peningkatan cairan masih dalam nilai euvolemia. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara perubahan volume cairan tubuh yang diukur dengan MFBIA dan imbang cairan. Median asupan selama 24 jam pasca bedah adalah 926 (127-1903) kkal dan 28 (0-69) g protein. Secara statistik terjadi peningkatan bermakna dari NUU pada 8 jam ketiga pasca BPK+PIP. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kreatinin urin pra bedah dan pasca bedah. Median imbang nitrogen -8{(-12,7) - (-1,6)} g. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara peningkatan volume CIS dan NUU (r - 0,57; p = 0,01). Kesimpulan Penelitian ini menunjukkan kompartemen cairan tubuh meningkat dalam 24 jam pasca BPK+PJP. Katabolisme protein ringan terjadi dalam 24 jam pasca BPK+PTP. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara peningkatan volume CIS dengan NUU, namun diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menjelaskan hubungan ini, terutama pada pasien BPK+PJP".

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The Correlation Between Intra Cellular Water And Protein Catabolism After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Using Multiple Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Objective: (1) to investigate the changes of body water compartment within 24 hours after elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery with extracorporeal circulation; (2) to observe protein catabolism within 24 hours after elective CABG with extracorporeal circulation, and (3) to correlate between the changes of intra cellular water (ICW) with protein catabolism indicators. Location: Intensive Care Unit, Harapan Kita National Cardiac Center, Jakarta. Subjects and Methods: Twenty male patients with coronary artery disease were recruited for the study. Impedance was measured at 1, 50, 100 kHz using multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance (Dietosystem, Italy) four times: at baseline, at the 1°, 2 and 3 8 hours after surgery. The volume of body water compartment was calculated using Guricci's formula. Urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) and urinary creatinine were assessed using 8-hour urine collection within 24-hour period. Nitrogen balance was calculated by subtracting nitrogen intake with urinary nitrogen. The correlation between the changes of ICW and protein catabolism indicators was tested with Spearman Rank Correlation. Results: At the baseline, mean values of Ziw impedance and impedance index were 479 S~ and 57.3 cm21n, respectively. Mean total body water (TBW) was 33.1 ± 3.1 L or 48.8% of body weight, consist of 44.0% ECW and 56.0% ICW. This composition was classified as euvolemic. Median intra-operative fluid balance was 1744 (826-3412) mL. Significant increased in TBW, ECW, and ICW was observed at the 1' 8 hours. At the 3'a 8 hours after surgery, TRW, ECW, and ICW increased by 16.3%, 20.7%, and 12.8%, respectively, but the values were within desirable ranges. There was no correlation between TBW changes measured by MFBIA and calculated fluid balance. During 24 hours after surgery, median total energy intake was 926 (127-1903) kcal and protein intake was 28 (0-69) g. UUN increased significantly at the 3'd 8 hours after surgery. No significant difference in urinary creatinine was observed between before and after surgery. Nitrogen balance was -8 ((-12,7)-(-1.6)) g, and there was a negative correlation between ICW changes and NL-U (r = - 0.57; p = 0.01). Conclusions: The current study indicates that changes of body water compartment occur during 24 hours after CABG, ICW increases within 24 hours after CABG. Mild protein catabolism occurs within 24 hours after CABG. ICW changes have negative correlation with NULL However further comprehensive study is needed to explain this association, especially in CABG patients."

"Skeletal muscle stem cells, known as satellite cells, participate in postnatal skeletal muscle growth, regeneration, and hypertrophy. They are quiescent in the resting state, but are activated after muscle injury, and subsequently replicate and fuse into existing myofibers. The behavior of satellite cells during muscle regeneration is regulated by extrinsic factors, such as the extracellular matrix, mechanical stimuli, and soluble factors. Myokines, muscle-derived secretory factors, are important regulators of satellite cell activation, proliferation, and differen¬tiation. It is well known that muscle injury induces the release of various growth factors from myofibers, and these growth factors affect satellite cells. It has recently been shown that myokines secreted from myofibers without cell damage also regulate satellite cell functions. Here, we summarize myokines with known roles in the regulation of satellite cells and the mechanism underlying this regulatory process."

"Beberapa senyawa steroid yang aktif farmakologik mempunyai atom oksigen pada atom karbon posisi sebelas (C-11), misalnya : kortison, kortikosteron, prednison, dan prednisolon. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut dapat diproduksi melalui sintesis parsial (semisintesis) kortisol dari progesteron atau korteksolon. Kesulitan utama pada sintesis kortisol secara kimiawi adalah pemasukkan satu atom oksigen pada posisi C-11 dalam cincin steroid. Kesulitan ini dapat diatasi dengan penggunaan mikroorganisme.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kemampuan tiga kultur kapang lokal yaitu dua jenis kapang (Rhizopus stolonlfer UICC 137 dan Aspergillus niger) untuk melakukan transformasi progesteron, serta Curvularia lunata untuk melakukan transformasi korteksolon.Percobaan yang dilakukan terhadap R. stolonifer dan A. niger berdasarkan metode transformasi progesteron menjadi 11µ-hidroksiprogesteron, sedangkan terhadap C. lunata berdasarkan metode transforrnasi 11-deoksikortisol menjadi kortisol. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memvariasikan 5 parameter percobaan yaitu ; (1) saat penambahan substrat (pada percobaan dengan C. lunata parameter ini adalah waktu germinasi), (2) waktu inkubasi, (3) pH medium, (4) konsentrasi substrat, dan (5) laju pengadukan. Percobaan dilakukan dengan sistem "batch", di dalam labu-labu Erlenmeyer 100 ml (kecuali percobaan biotransformasi kondisi optimum memakai labu 500 ml) dan diinkubasi dalam bak air penggojog pada suhu 30°C.Biotransformasi optimum oleh Rhizopus stolonrfer berlangsung jika substrat (progesteron) ditambahkan setelah pertumbuhan kapang mencapai pertengahan fasa eksponensial (14 jam setelah inokulasi kapang ke dalam medium). Medium biotransformasi terdiri dari campuran glukosa, ekstrak khamir, beberapa garam mineral, dan unsur runut.Medium dengan tingkat keasaman (pH) awal 5 memberikan transformasi optimum. Kondisi optimum lainnya adalah inkubasi selama 8 jam di dalam medium sambil digojog 100 gojogan/menit dan konsentrasi awal substrat g/liter. Rendemen produk biotransformasi oleh R. stolonifer adalah 49,88% transformasi.Biotransformasi optimum oleh Aspergillus niger mempunyai kondisi optimum penambahan substrat pada saat pertumbuhan kapang mencapai fasa eksponensial (26 jam setelah inokulasi kapang ke dalam medium), konsentrasi awai substrat 0,6 g/l, penggunaan pH awal medium 6, dan inkubasi selama 20 jam sambil digojog 100 gojogan/menit. Produk biotransformasi oleh A. niger memiliki rendemen sebesar 46,03% transformasi.Biotransformasi korteksolon oleh Curvularia lunata mempunyai rendemen produk terlalu kecil (19,31% transformasi). Kondisi optimumnya adalah proses germinasi spora selama 36 jam dan proses biotransformasi memakai substrat 1,5 g/l dalam medium dengan pH awal 6 sambil digojog 120 gojogan/menit selama 50 jam.

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Several pharmacological active steroid compounds have an oxygen atom attached to the 11th carbon atom on steroid ring (C-11), such as : cortisone, corticosterone, prednisone, and prednisolone. These compounds could be produced through a cortisol partial synthesis from progesterone or cortexolone. If cortisol synthesized chemically, it is difficult to introduce an oxygen atom to C-1I in steroid ring but this process could be conducted by using microorganism.The aim of this study is to determine the ability of Rhizopus stolonifer UICC 137 and Aspergillus niger to transform progesterone, and the ability of Culvularia lunata to transform cortexolone.The experiments for Rhizopus stolonifer UICC 137 and Aspergillus niger based on progesterone transformation to 11µ-hydroxyprogesterone and for Culvularia lunata based on cortexolone transformation to cortisol. The biotransformations were varied with five experiment parameter, i.e. : (1) time interval of substrate addition (substrate addition at different growth phase), in C. lunata this parameter is germination time, (2) incubation time, (3) medium acidity (pH), (4) substrate concentration, and (5) stirring rate. Biotransformation process was carried out on batch system in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks (for optimum conditions of biotransformation, 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks were used) then these flasks were incubated in a shaking waterbath with temperature maintained at 30°C.The optimum biotransformation for R. stolonifer was reached when the substrate (progesterone) was added to the middle of the exponential growth phase (14 hours after spores inuculation). Biotransformation medium contained glucose, yeast extract, some mineral salts, and trace elements. The medium with pH 5 gave the optimum transformation. The Optimum transformation were also found after 8 hours incubation at 100 stroke/minute shaking with the initial substrate concentration of 1 gll, The result for R. stolonifer was 49.88% transformation.The optimum biotransformation conditions for A. niger were found as follows : substrate addition to the initial of the exponential growth phase (26 hours after spores inoculation), initial substrate concentration of 0.6 g/l, medium with pH 6, and 100 stroke/minute shaking for 20 hours incubation. The result for A. niger was 46.03% transformation.Cortexolone biotransformation by using Curvularia hrnata gave a very low product yield (19.31% transformation). The optimum conditions for cortexolone biotransformation were found as follows : spores germination for 36 hours, biotransformation process in a liquid medium with the initial pH 6, substrate concentration of 1,5 g/l, and 50 hours incubation time at 120 stroke /minute shaking."

"Cellular responses to stress including DNA damage show multiple options involving the mechanisms of growth arrest, DNA repair and programmed cell death or apoptosis. Failures in these mechanisms can result in oncogenesis or accelerated senescence. Much of the response is coordinated by p53, a nuclear phosphoprotein with a central role in the defences against physical, chemical and pathogenic agents which challenge the DNA integrity. The p53 pathways for mobilising the cellular defences are linked to the pRb/E2F pathways regulating the cell cycle progression. This paper aims to review the current understanding on the networks and main molecular machinery of these processes. In addition, the implications on cellular decision making for the defences as well as evolutionary aspects of these mechanisms are discussed in brief."