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"Telah dilakukan penelitian kandungan senyawa kimia dan aktivitas mutagenik tar yang terdapat dalam asap arus utama dari rokok putih dan rokok kretek. Dari 69 merk rokok yang diuji menggunakan metode dari "ISO" 3308, 11 merk dari jenis rokok putih produksi dalam negeri (PO), 14 merk rokok putih lisensi (PL), 1 0 rokok putih produksi luar negeri (P), 15 merk rokok kretek buatan tangan (RKT} dan 19 merk rokok kretek buatan mesin (RKM}. Kandungan rata-rata tertinggi dari tar terdapat pada RKT (45, 48 mg/batang), terendah pada P ('17, 16 mg/batang); sedangkan untuk nikotin tertinggi pada RKT (2,42 mg/batang), terendah pada P (1,21 mg/batang); karbon monoksida tertinggi pada RKT (23,63 mg/batang), terendah pada P (15,84 mg/batang); karyofilin tertinggi pada RKT (1,08 mg/batang), terendah pada RKM (0,94 mg/batang); eugenol tertinggi pada RKT (11 ,62 mg/batang) terendah pad a RKM (8,25 mg/batang) dan eugenol asetat tertinggi pada RKM (0,32 mg/batang), terendah pada RKT (0,21 mg/batang). Hasil pengujian· mutagenitas tar dari 3 jenis rokok yaitu 3 rokok putih (RP); 3 rokok mental (RM) dan 3 rokok kretek buatan mesin (RK), dengan metode "Ames", menggunakan bakteri uji Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 98, jumlah revertan per lempeng tertinggi dihasilkan oleh RP3 (307) dan yang terendah dihasilkan oleh RK1 (125) dan RM2 (125) serta aktivitas mutagenik tar RP lebih besar,dari RM atau RK. Pada pengujian aktivitas mutagenik lebih lanjut yaitu dengan penambahan campuran karyofilin, eugonal dan eugonal asetat pada masing-masing tar RP, terjadi penurunan jumlah revertan per lempeng dibandingkan jumlah revertan yang dihasilkan oleh masing-masing tar RP sendiri. Demikian juga pada masing-masing kadar tar yang menghasilkan jumlah revertan tertinggi yaitu 160 JJ9 (RP1 ), 320 IJQ (RP2), 320 JJ9 (RP3), ditambah karyofilin (3,39 JJQ), atau eugenol (9,23 J.Jg), atau eugenol asetat (2,67 JJQ), terjadi penurunan jumlah revertan per lempeng dibandingkan dengan jumlah revertan yang dihasilkan oleh tar baik tanpa maupun dengan penambahan campuran karyofilin, eugenol dan eugenol asetat."

"With a weight-of-the-evidence approach, cancer risk assessment indentifies hazards, determines dose-response relationships, and assesses exposure to characterize the true risk. This book focuses on the quantitative methods for conducting chemical cancer risk assessments for solvents, metals, mixtures, and nanoparticles. It links these to the basic toxicology and biology of cancer, along with the impacts on regulatory guidelines and standards. By providing insightful perspective, Cancer Risk Assessment helps researchers develop a discriminate eye when it comes to interpreting data accurately and separating relevant information from erroneous."

"ABSTRAKReduction of free fatty acid (FFA) in used palm oil was determined after treatment of waste cooking oil with an adsorbent derived from coffee bean husk ash. Coffee husks were burned at 600 ºC for 12 hrs to obtain the adsorbent ash. Free fatty acid removal efficiency was optimized with respect to ash dosage, contact time and temperature. It was found that shaking ash (1 g) with waste palm oil (50 g) at 250 rpm and 30°C for 330 min gave the highest reduction in free fatty acids (FFA) (1966 mg/g). The adsorption isotherm was followed by Temkin (R2 = 0.9283) and Freundlich models (R2 = 0.9146). The adsorption of FFA at all adsorbent doses followed pseudo-second order kinetics (R2 = 0.9817-0.9999). A thermodynamic study revealed that the changes in enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy were 89.07 kJ/mol, -0.25 kJ/mol.K and -5.15 to -12.17 kJ/mol, respectively. The coffee husk ash (5 g ash / 50 g waste palm oil) was found to reduce FFA by 100% at 30°C.KeywordsCoffee husk, Used palm oil, Free fatty acid, Adsorption, Ash"

"The volatile chemicals from species of wild Cinnamomum spp. (C. racemosum, C. cuspidatum, C. politum, C. javanicum), Etlingera spp. (E. pyramidosphaera, E. megalocheilos, E. coccinea, E. elatior) and Schizostachyum spp. (S. blumei, S. brachycladum, S. lima, S. pilosum) found in Sabah were investigated. The oils were obtained from the bark, rhizome and culm of respective specimens by hydrodistillation and the profile of volatile chemicals was obtained using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Dominance of eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol and eugenol were consistent among the species from genus Cinnamomum. aromadendrane oxide, lauryl aldehyde, elemicin, borneol and 1-dodecanol were predominant among the species from genus Etlingera. α-elemol, coumaran, guiacol-4-vinyl, palmitic acid and phytol acetate predominate the species from genus Schizostachyum. Strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 5.62 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) were exhibited by essential oils of C. cuspidatum and E. coccinea, oil of S. blumei inhibited Listeria monocytogenes (MIC: 4.60 ± 0.5 μg mL-1), oil of C. javanicum inhibited Salmonella typhimurium (MIC: 5.50 ± 0.5 μg mL-1). meanwhile the oil of C. politum suppressed Salmonella enteritidis (MIC: 5.20 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) was measured using microdilution method. these findings reveal the potential of selected plants used by indigenous communities of Borneo as antimicrobials in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries."

"ABSTRAKThe volatile chemicals from species of wild Cinnamomum spp. (C. racemosum, C. cuspidatum, C. politum, C. javanicum), Etlingera spp. (E. pyramidosphaera, E. megalocheilos, E. coccinea, E. elatior) and Schizostachyum spp. (S. blumei, S. brachycladum, S. lima, S. pilosum) found in Sabah were investigated. The oils were obtained from the bark, rhizome and culm of respective specimens by hydrodistillation and the profile of volatile chemicals was obtained using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Dominance of eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol and eugenol were consistent among the species from genus Cinnamomum. aromadendrane oxide, lauryl aldehyde, elemicin, borneol and 1-dodecanol were predominant among the species from genus Etlingera. α-elemol, coumaran, guiacol-4-vinyl, palmitic acid and phytol acetate predominate the species from genus Schizostachyum. Strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 5.62 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) were exhibited by essential oils of C. cuspidatum and E. coccinea, oil of S. blumei inhibited Listeria monocytogenes (MIC: 4.60 ± 0.5 μg mL-1), oil of C. javanicum inhibited Salmonella typhimurium (MIC: 5.50 ± 0.5 μg mL-1). meanwhile the oil of C. politum suppressed Salmonella enteritidis (MIC: 5.20 ± 0.5 μg mL-1) was measured using microdilution method. these findings reveal the potential of selected plants used by indigenous communities of Borneo as antimicrobials in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries."