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New York: Raven Press, 1983
616.853 061 CRO
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Deasy Grafianti
"[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Obat antiepilepsi (OAE), seperti asam valproat (valproic acid,
VPA) dan karbamazepin (carbamazepin, CBZ) sering digunakan dalam jangka waktu
panjang. Obat-obatan tersebut dapat mengganggu fungsi tubulus ginjal. N-acetylbeta-D-glucosaminidase
(NAG) urin merupakan enzim yang dapat dipakai sebagai
marka fungsi tubulus sehingga diharapkan dapat mendeteksi jejas tubulus. Penelitian
mengenai efek nefrotoksik VPA dan CBZ terhadap tubulus menggunakan penanda
NAG urin ini belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia.
Tujuan: Mengukur indeks NAG (iNAG) urin pada anak epilepsi yang mendapat
VPA dan atau CBZ jangka panjang untuk mendeteksi efek nefrotoksik kedua OAE
tersebut pada tubulus ginjal.
Metodologi: Penelitian ini menggunakan studi potong lintang yang dilakukan pada
Januari-Maret 2015. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 36 anak epilepsi dengan monoterapi
VPA, 14 dengan monoterapi CBZ, 14 dengan kombinasi VPA dan CBZ, rentang usia
3-16 tahun. Pada seluruh subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar kreatinin urin dan
kadar NAG urin. Sebagai nilai acuan kadar NAG urin, dipilih 30 anak sehat dengan
usia yang disesuaikan dengan subjek penelitian. Untuk menghilangkan variabilitas
harian, maka NAG urin dibagi dengan kreatinin urin, menjadi iNAG (satuan U/g
kreatinin). Indeks NAG dikategorikan meningkat bila nilainya lebih dari rerata NAG
+ 2 SD kelompok anak sehat.
Hasil: Rerata iNAG urin pada kelompok anak sehat, monoterapi VPA, monoterapi
CBZ dan kombinasi VPA dan CBZ berturut-turut adalah 3,01; 5,9; 4,07; 6,9. Tiap
kelompok kasus memiliki rerata iNAG urin lebih tinggi dibandingkan anak sehat.
Proporsi kenaikan iNAG urin ditemukan pada 11/ 36 anak dengan monoterapi VPA,
2/14 pada kelompok monoterapi CBZ, dan 9/14 pada terapi kombinasi VPA dan
CBZ.
Simpulan: Pemberian VPA jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan jejas pada tubulus ginjal dengan parameter kenaikan iNAG urin, dan jejas tubulus ini meningkat dengan pemakaian VPA dan CBZ secara kombinasi.ABSTRACT Background: Antiepileptic drugs such as valproic acid (VPA) and carbamazepine
(CBZ) are often used in the long term manner. These drugs may disrupt the function
of the kidney tubules. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is an enzyme
that can be utilised as marker of tubular function and is therefore expected to be
useful in detecting kidney tubular injuries. There have been no studies conducted in
Indonesia on the nephrotoxic effect of VPA and CBZ to tubules using urinary NAG
as marker.
Objectives: To measure urinary NAG index (iNAG) in epileptic children with longterm
use of VPA and CBZ in order to detect their nephrotoxic effects on kidney
tubules.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on January to March 2015. The
subject includes 36 patients on VPA monotherapy, 14 patients on CBZ monotherapy,
and 14 patients on VPA-CBZ combination therapy with age ranging from 3 to 16
years old. Urine creatinine concentration and urinary NAG values of all the patients
are measured. Thirty age-adjusted healthy children are included in the study for NAG
value reference. To eliminate NAG diurnal variability, iNAG is calculated by
dividing urinary NAG value and urine creatinine concentration. Urinary iNAG values
that fall above the +2 standard deviations from the mean of healthy children are
considered elevated.
Results: Urinary iNAG values of the healthy children, VPA monotherapy, CBZ
monotherapy, and VPA-CBZ comination therapy groups are 3.01; 5.9; 4.07; 6.9 U/g
respectively. Each case group has higher urinary iNAG mean value than the control
group. Urinary iNAG urine increased proportion is found in 11/36 children on VPA
monotherapy, 2/14 children on CBZ monotherapy, and 9/14 children on VPA-CBZ
combination therapy.
Conclusions: Long-term VPA use may cause renal tubular injuries with increased urinary iNAG value as parameter. Tubular injury is increased with the use of VPA and CBZ in combination. ;Background: Antiepileptic drugs such as valproic acid (VPA) and carbamazepine
(CBZ) are often used in the long term manner. These drugs may disrupt the function
of the kidney tubules. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is an enzyme
that can be utilised as marker of tubular function and is therefore expected to be
useful in detecting kidney tubular injuries. There have been no studies conducted in
Indonesia on the nephrotoxic effect of VPA and CBZ to tubules using urinary NAG
as marker.
Objectives: To measure urinary NAG index (iNAG) in epileptic children with longterm
use of VPA and CBZ in order to detect their nephrotoxic effects on kidney
tubules.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on January to March 2015. The
subject includes 36 patients on VPA monotherapy, 14 patients on CBZ monotherapy,
and 14 patients on VPA-CBZ combination therapy with age ranging from 3 to 16
years old. Urine creatinine concentration and urinary NAG values of all the patients
are measured. Thirty age-adjusted healthy children are included in the study for NAG
value reference. To eliminate NAG diurnal variability, iNAG is calculated by
dividing urinary NAG value and urine creatinine concentration. Urinary iNAG values
that fall above the +2 standard deviations from the mean of healthy children are
considered elevated.
Results: Urinary iNAG values of the healthy children, VPA monotherapy, CBZ
monotherapy, and VPA-CBZ comination therapy groups are 3.01; 5.9; 4.07; 6.9 U/g
respectively. Each case group has higher urinary iNAG mean value than the control
group. Urinary iNAG urine increased proportion is found in 11/36 children on VPA
monotherapy, 2/14 children on CBZ monotherapy, and 9/14 children on VPA-CBZ
combination therapy.
Conclusions: Long-term VPA use may cause renal tubular injuries with increased urinary iNAG value as parameter. Tubular injury is increased with the use of VPA and CBZ in combination. , Background: Antiepileptic drugs such as valproic acid (VPA) and carbamazepine
(CBZ) are often used in the long term manner. These drugs may disrupt the function
of the kidney tubules. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is an enzyme
that can be utilised as marker of tubular function and is therefore expected to be
useful in detecting kidney tubular injuries. There have been no studies conducted in
Indonesia on the nephrotoxic effect of VPA and CBZ to tubules using urinary NAG
as marker.
Objectives: To measure urinary NAG index (iNAG) in epileptic children with longterm
use of VPA and CBZ in order to detect their nephrotoxic effects on kidney
tubules.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on January to March 2015. The
subject includes 36 patients on VPA monotherapy, 14 patients on CBZ monotherapy,
and 14 patients on VPA-CBZ combination therapy with age ranging from 3 to 16
years old. Urine creatinine concentration and urinary NAG values of all the patients
are measured. Thirty age-adjusted healthy children are included in the study for NAG
value reference. To eliminate NAG diurnal variability, iNAG is calculated by
dividing urinary NAG value and urine creatinine concentration. Urinary iNAG values
that fall above the +2 standard deviations from the mean of healthy children are
considered elevated.
Results: Urinary iNAG values of the healthy children, VPA monotherapy, CBZ
monotherapy, and VPA-CBZ comination therapy groups are 3.01; 5.9; 4.07; 6.9 U/g
respectively. Each case group has higher urinary iNAG mean value than the control
group. Urinary iNAG urine increased proportion is found in 11/36 children on VPA
monotherapy, 2/14 children on CBZ monotherapy, and 9/14 children on VPA-CBZ
combination therapy.
Conclusions: Long-term VPA use may cause renal tubular injuries with increased urinary iNAG value as parameter. Tubular injury is increased with the use of VPA and CBZ in combination. ]"
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
SP-PDF
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Sinaga, Nurcahaya
"Latar belakang: Epilepsi merupakan satu dari penyakit neurologi yang sering menyebabkan disabilitas dan kematian. Prediktor terbaik menentukan remisi epilepsi adalah respons awal terhadap OAE. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang memengaruhi respons awal terapi diantaranya etiologi epilepsi, jumlah kejang sebelum pengobatan, bentuk bangkitan kejang, status neurologi, usia awitan dan gambaran elektroensefalografi.
Tujuan: Mengetahui respons awal dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi respons awal OAE monoterapi pada pasien epilepsi baru pertama kali di RSCM
Metode penelitian: Penelitian merupakan penelitian kohort prospektif pada 92 anak berusia < 17 tahun dengan melihat respons awal OAE monoterapi pada anak penderita epilepsi baru selama 3 bulan yang berobat ke poliklinik rawat jalan RSUP dr Cipto Mangunkusumo sejak Januari 2017 sampai Agustus 2017. Faktor-faktor risiko etiologi epilepsi, jumlah kejang sebelum pengobatan, bentuk bangkitan kejang, status neurologi, usia awitan dan gambaran elektroensefalografi dianalisis secara bivariat dan multivariat.
Hasil penelitian: Terdapat 92 pasien epilepsi baru yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Insidens epilepsi baru pada penelitian ini adalah 21,9 . Pasien epilepsi baru yang mendapat OAE monoterapi sebagian besar berumur ge; 1 tahun, awitan kejang ge; 1 tahun, etiologi struktural, jumlah kejang sebelum pengobatan ge; 10 kali, mempunyai kelainan neurologi, bangkitan kejang umum dan gambaran normal pada pemeriksaan EEG. Respons awal yang baik pada penderita epilepsi baru terhadap OAE monoterapi adalah sebesar 77,2 dalam 3 bulan pengobatan. Faktor yang memengaruhi respons awal baik dalam 3 bulan OAE monoterapi setelah analisis multivariat jumlah kejang dan gambaran EEG.
Simpulan: Sebagian besar pasien epilepsi menunjukkan respons awal baik terhadap obat antiepilepsi monoterapi. Faktor yang berperan terhadap respons awal terapi OAE monoterapi adalah jumlah kejang dan gambaran EEG

Background: Epilepsy is one of neurological disorder that cause disability and death. Initial response to antiepileptic drugs AEDs is the best predictive indicator to determine remission of epilepsy. Factors that influence the initial response are the etiology of epilepsy, pre treatment frequency of seizures, type of seizures, neurological deficits, age of onset, and electroencephalography EEG findings.
Objectives: To investigate the initial response and influence factors of the initial response in monotherapy antiepileptic drug in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy.
Method: Cohort prospective study was conducted in neurology outpatient clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo hospitals RSCM between January to August 2017 on newly diagnosed pediatric epilepsy. Response of AED monotherapy was observed after three months of treatment. The risk factors were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis.
Results: There were 92 subjects that fulfilled the criteria. The incidence of newly diagnosed epilepsy children at RSCM was 21.9. The age of subjects who take monotherapy AED were commonly ge 1 year old, onset of the first seizure ge 1 year, with structural as the etiology, already have more than 10 times seizure before initial treatment begin, neurological deficit and normal EEG findings. Of 77.2 subjects have a good initial response to monotherapy AED. Multivariate analysis showed that frequency of seizures and electroencephalography EEG findings were the risk factors of the initial response to monotherapy AED in newly diagnosed epilepsy patient.
Conclusion: Most of the subject have a good initial response to monotherapy AED. The influence factors of the initial response are frequency of seizures and EEG findings.
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2017
SP-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
"This book focuses on efficacy, toxicity, drug interactions, and abnormal clinical laboratory tests resulting from the use of herbal remedies. Although a few herbal remedies are safe and have efficacy (for example saw palmetto), many herbal remedies are toxic. This book guides in the interpretation of abnormal test results in otherwise healthy subjects due to use of herbal remedies. Chapters focus on interactions between herbals and pharmaceuticals, sources of contamination in herbal supplements, and analytical techniques used in the investigation of herbal remedies.
This book is divided into five parts. The first part provides a general introduction to CAMs as well as an introduction to herbals considered safe versus those with a darker reputation. The second part provides more detailed information in an organ or disease based focus and delves into some of the traditional practices of which most allopathic professionals have limited knowledge. Part III is dedicated to the key interactions between herbal supplements and various pharmaceutical drugs. Part IV addresses these important points. Part V discusses various analytical techniques used in the investigation of herbal remedies.
"
Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2011
e20394189
eBooks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Nganele, David
New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2003
338.4 NGA b
Buku Teks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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"The partial toxicity test of copper (Cu2+),zinc (Zn2+) and cyanide (CN-) for young cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fishes 45 days-ld were conducted in Doson station during ten days (Yr 2005)...."
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Luh Ari Indrawati
"Latar Belakang. Penggunaan obat antiepilepsi (OAE) generasi lama (karbamazepin, fenitoin, fenobarbital dan asam valproat) mendominasi tatalaksana epilepsi di Indonesia. OAE tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan efek samping obesitas, peningkatan fraksi lipid aterogenik, peningkatan homosistein, resistensi insulin dan stres oksidatif yang merupakan faktor risiko ateroksklerosis dan penyakit kardiovaskular. Oleh karena itu diperlukan penilaian risiko global kejadian kardiovaskular dan aterosklerosis pada orang dengan epilepsi (ODE) yang menggunakan OAE generasi lama, yaitu dengan mengukur kadar hs-CRP plasma. Molekul hs-CRP merupakan penanda biologis inflamasi tingkat rendah dan penyebab langsung aterosklerosis.
Metode. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang yang membandingkan kelompok studi (ODE yang menggunakan OAE generasi lama) dan kelompok orang normal yang usia dan jenis kelaminnya disesuaikan. Subjek kelompok studi didapatkan dari populasi ODE yang kontrol di Poliklinik Saraf RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Yayasan Epilepsi Indonesia. Dilakukan wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, dan pemeriksaan laboratorium pada semua subjek.
Hasil. Didapatkan masing-masing 44 subjek kelompok studi dan kontrol. Kadar hs-CRP pada kelompok studi (1,19 (0,27-9,13) mg/L) lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol (0,745 (0,13-4,9) mg/L). Tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan antara usia, jenis kelamin, tipe bangkitan terakhir, jenis dan jumlah OAE dengan kadar hs-CRP. Kadar hs-CRP cenderung lebih tinggi pada ODE yang menggunakan OAE generasi lama penginduksi ekstensif enzim CYP (fenitoin, karbamazepin dan fenobarbital) dibandingkan asam valproat (1,785 (0,27-9,13) vs 0,77 + 0,36 mg/L). Kadar hs-CRP kelompok OAE penginduksi enzim CYP lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrol, sedangkan rerata kadar hs-CRP kelompok asam valproat tidak berbeda dengan kontrol. Kadar hs-CRP juga cenderung lebih tinggi pada kelompok politerapi (2,255 (0,43-8,67) mg/L) dibandingkan monoterapi (1,105 (0,27-9,13) mg/L). Nilai median kadar hs-CRP kelompok politerapi penginduksi-penginduksi enzim CYP lebih tinggi (3,11 (1,80-8,67) mg/L) dibandingkan kelompok politerapi penginduksi-bukan penginduksi enzim (0,96 (0,43-4,59) mg/L). Pada analisis multivariat, interaksi antara jumlah dan jenis OAE berhubungan dengan kadar hs-CRP secara bermakna.
Simpulan. Kadar hs-CRP pada ODE yang menggunakan OAE generasi lama lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Kadar hs-CRP cenderung lebih tinggi pada ODE yang menggunakan OAE generasi lama penginduksi ekstensif enzim CYP dan menggunakan OAE politerapi. Terdapat peningkatan risiko mengalami kejadian kardiovaskular dan aterokslerosis yang lebih tinggi pada ODE yang menggunakan OAE generasi lama penginduksi ekstensif enzim CYP baik monoterapi maupun politerapi.

Background. Old generation antiepileptic drugs (AED), including carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and valproic acid are still utilized extensively in treating epilepsy patients (EP) in Indonesia. Those drugs are potencial causing obesity, higher atherogenic lipid fraction, higher homocysteine, insulin resistance and oxidative stress which are atherosclerosis risk factor and cardiovascular events. Therefore, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular global risk assesment is required in epilepsy patients treated with those AED by measuring high sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP). Hs-CRP is well-known biomarker of chronic low level inflammatory and direct etiology of atherosclerosis.
Method. This is a cross sectional study comparing study group (EP treated with old generation AED) and control group (healthy subjects), age and sex are matched. Subjects of study group are selected from EP who are visiting neurology outpatient clinic in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Indonesia Epilepsy Foundation. All subjects underwent interview, physical examination and laboratory investigations.
Result. Forty four patients are selected for each group. Hs-CRP level of study group (1.19 (0.27-9.13) mg/L) is significantly higher compared to control group (0.745 (0.13-4.9) mg/L). No significant correlation between age, sex, last epileptic seizure type, AED type and duration with hs-CRP level. Hs-CRP level in EP treated with extensive CYP-inducer AED tend to be higher than valproic acid-treated patients (1.785 (0.27-9.13) vs 0.77 + 0.36 mg/L). Hs-CRP level in EP treated with extensive CYP-inducer AED is significantly higher compared to their control group, whereas no difference in valproic acid group compared to their control. Polytherapy group (2.255 (0.43-8.67) mg/L) tends to have higher hs-CRP level compared to monotherapy group (1.105 (0.27-9.13) mg/L). Median of hs-CRP in extensive CYP-inducer polytherapy (3.11 (1.80-8.67) mg/L) is higher than polytherapy with combination AED (0.96 (0.43-4.59) mg/L). In multivariat analysis, interaction between number and type of AED is significantly related to hs-CRP level.
Conclusion. Level of hs-CRP in EP treated with old generation AED is significantly higher than control. Hs-CRP level tends to be higher in EP treated with CYP inducer AED and polytherapy although not reaching significant point. Therefore, there is increased cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis risk in EP treated with extensive CYP-inducer AED in monotherapy and polytherapy manner.
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2014
SP-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Panjaitan, Dameria Sri Indahwati
"Latar Belakang. Pasien epilepsi memerlukan obat antiepilepsi (OAE) dalam waktu lama, minimal 1-2 tahun.OAE yang terbanyak digunakan di Indonesi adalah OAE generasi lama yaitu karbamazepin, fenitoin, fenobarbital, dan valproat.Karbamazepin, fenitoin, dan fenobarbital dapat menyebabkan stres oksidatif dan peningkatan kolesterol sedangkan menyebabkan resistensi insulin.Keempat OAE dapat menyebabkan peningkatan homosistein. Hal tersebut dapat menyebabkan disfungsi endotel yang merupakan awal dari aterosklerosis.Ketebalan kompleks intima-media (KIM) karotis komunis dapat digunakan sebagai indikator dari aterosklerosis.Oleh karena itu diperlukan pengukuran ketebalan KIM karotis komunis pada pasien epilepsi yang menggunakan OAE generasi lama untuk deteksi awal aterosklerosis.
Metode penelitian. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang untuk melihat perbandingan ketebalan KIM karotis komunis kelompok studi (pasien epilepsi) dengan kelompok kontrol (populasi normal) dengan usia dan jenis kelamin yang disesuaikan. Variabel independen adalah usia, jenis kelamin, jumlah OAE, jenis OAE, dan durasi OAE.
Hasil. Didapatkan sampel masing-masing 46 subjek kelompok studi dan kontrol. Median ketebalan KIM karotis komunis kelompok studi (0,49 (0,36-1,40) mm) lebih dari kontrol (0,43 (0,35-0,77) mm) secara bermakna. Pada penelitian ini tidak didapatkan hubungan antara usia, jenis kelamin, jumlah OAE, jenis OAE, durasi OAE dengan ketebalan KIM karotis komunis pada pasien epilepsi.
Kesimpulan. Ketebalan KIM karotis komunis pasien epilepsi yang menggunakan OAE generasi lama lebih tebal dari kelompok kontrol.

Background. Epilepsy patients requires long-term antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) at least for 1-2 years. The most common AEDs used in Indonesia are first generation AEDs which are carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital (PB), and valproate (VPA). The first three AEDs may cause oxidative stress and increased cholesterol level while VPA causes insulin resistance. All AEDs cause increased homocysteine level. All those factors could cause endothelial dysfunction which is known as initial process in atherosclerosis. Common carotid intima-media thickness (CC IMT) is a well-known indicator of atherosclerosis. Therefore CC IMT measurement on epilepsy patients with old generation AEDs is required for early detection of atherosclerosis.
Methods. This was a cross-sectional study that comparing CC IMT of epilepsy patients and control group (normal subjects) with age and sex matched. The independent variables were age, sex, number of AEDs, type of AEDs, and duration of AEDs.
Results. There were 46 subjects for each group. The CC IMT median of epilepsy patients (0,49 (0,36-1,40) mm) were significantly thicker than control group (0,43 (0,35-0,77) mm). There were no association of age, sex, number of AEDS, type of AEDs, duration of AEDs with CC IMT.
Conclusions. CC IMT of epilepsy patients with first generation AEDs was higher than control group.
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
T-Pdf
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Lubna Muhammad Qadri
"Latar belakang : Reaksi simpang yang terjadi akibat penggunaan OAE berpengaruh terhadap kualitas hidup pasien epilepsi. Angka kejadian reaksi simpang akibat penggunaan OAE dilaporkan mencapai 80%. Sampai saat ini belum didapatkan studi atau instrumen yang valid dalam menilai reaksi simpang pada penggunaan OAE di Indonesia. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah melakukan validasi terhadap kuesioner Liverpool Adverse Events Profile (LAEP) versi bahasa Indonesia dan mendapatkan prevalensi reaksi simpang serta faktor yang berpengaruh.
Metode penelitian : Dilakukan studi observasional potong lintang pada pasien epilepsi dengan dosis OAE yang stabil di poliklinik epilepsi rumah sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Kuesioner diterjemahkan dari versi bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia dan dilakukan penerjemahan kembali ke bahasa aslinya untuk menilai ketepatan dari bahasa. Validitas dan reliabilitas diuji dengan menggunakan koefisien korelasi Spearman dan cronbach's alpha. Faktor yang dianalisis adalah durasi epilepsi, onset epilepsi, frekuensi bangkitan, tipe epilepsi, etiologi epilepsi, sindrom epilepsi, jumlah OAE, durasi OAE dan komorbiditas.
Hasil : Didapatkan 19 variabel pertanyaan yang valid dengan rentang koefisien korelasi 0,465 sampai 0,690. Cronbach?s alpha 0,846. Prevalensi reaksi simpang pada pasien epilepsi yaitu 91%. Reaksi simpang yang sering terjadi adalah kelelahan (67,8%), mengantuk (66,7%), gangguan daya ingat (62,2%) dan kesulitan berkonsentrasi (56,7%). Variabel klinis yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian reaksi simpang yaitu politerapi (p=0.022).
Kesimpulan : Kuesioner Liverpool Adverse Events Profile versi bahasa Indonesia merupakan instrumen yang valid dan reliabel dalam menilai reaksi simpang pada penggunaan OAE pada pasien epilepsi. Politerapi merupakan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian reaksi simpang.

Background : Adverse effects (AE) of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) affect the quality of life of patients with epilepsy. The prevalence of AE of AEDs in patients with epilepsy is up to 80%. There are no studies nor validated instruments in measuring AE of AEDs in patients with epilepsy in Indonesia. This study aimed to validate the Indonesian version of The Liverpool Adverse Events Profile (LAEP) also to determine the prevalence of AE of AEDs in patients with epilepsy and related factors.
Methods : An observational cross-sectional study was carried out on epilepsy outpatients clinic in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Patient treated with a stable dose of AED were enrolled. The questionnaire was translated from the English version into Indonesian version and then was back-translated to examine its accuracy. The validity and reliability was tested by Spearman correlation coefficient and cronbach?s alpha. The Indonesian version of LAEP was selfadministered by the patient. The analyzed factors consisted of epilepsy duration, onset of epilepsy, seizure frequency, type of epilepsy, etiology and epilepsy syndrome, number of AEDs, AEDs duration and comorbidity.
Results : All of the 19 variable of questions were valid, with range of correlation coefficient from 0.465 to 0.690. The cronbach?s alpha was 0.846. Ninety patients were enrolled. The prevalence of AE of AEDs in patients with epilepsy was 91%. The most common AE were tiredness (67.8%), sleepiness (66.7%), memory problems (62.2%) and difficulty in concentrating (56.7%). Clinical variables that influenced the AE was polytherapy.
Conclusion : The Indonesian version of the Liverpool Adverse Events Profile is a valid and reliable instrument in assessing AE of AEDs in patients with epilepsy. Almost all of the patients in this study experienced an AE. Polytherapy was the related factors of AE of AEDs.
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2016
T-Pdf
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Chrisandy Ramadhanti
"Epilepsi merupakan penyakit neurologis kronis dengan prevalensi tingkat 0,5-1% pada populasi anak dan terjadi puncaknya pada tahun-tahun awal kehidupan. Obat Antiepilepsi (OAE) masih merupakan obat utama dalam pengobatan pasien epilepsi. Hingga saat ini, sebanyak 30 (tiga puluh) Obat Antiepilepsi (OAE) generasi pertama-ketiga digunakan dalam pengobatan penyakit epilepsi. Pilihan monoterapi yang tepat untuk pasien merupakan tantangan klinis yang harus mempertimbangkan mekanisme kerja, spektrum efikasi, efek samping hingga potensi interaksi masing-masing obat. Tantangan tersebut semakin penting apabila diterapkan dalam pengobatan epilepsi pada pasien anak-anak dengan interval waktu pemberian yang tepat terutama jika pasien anak-anak mendapatkan terapi kombinasi 2 atau lebih Obat Antiepilepsi (OAE).
Interval waktu pemberian pada terapi kombinasi Obat Antiepilepsi (OAE) dalam mencapai kadar terapeutiknya dipengaruhi oleh profil farmakokinetik masing-masing obat. Obat Antiepilepsi (OAE) perlu dipantau terutama karena variabilitas antar pasien yang tinggi akibat adanya farmakokinetik non-linear serta lingkup terapeutik yang sempit. Melalui tugas khusus ini dapat diketahui bahwa dari 6 Obat Antiepilepsi (OAE) yang digunakan pada pasien pediatrik, Carbamazepine memiliki potensi terdistribusi lebih banyak dalam plasma darah maupun jaringan plasma yaitu dengan nilai Vd sebesar 0,8-2 L/Kg serta Levetiracetam memiliki nilai Tmaks dan T1/2 paling kecil, yaitu Tmaks sebesar 1,3 jam dan T1/2 sebesar 6 jam sehingga Levetiracetam dapat mencapai kadar maksimum dalam darah (Cpmaks) maupun tereliminasi dari tubuh lebih cepat dibandingkan ke 5 (lima) obat lainnya.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease with a prevalence rate of 0.5-1% in the pediatric population and peaks in the early years of life. Antiepileptic drugs (OAE) are still the main drugs in the treatment of epilepsy patients. Until now, as many as 30 (thirty) first-third generation Antiepileptic Drugs (OAE) are used in the treatment of epilepsy. The choice of the right monotherapy for a patient is a clinical challenge that must consider the mechanism of action, spectrum of efficacy, side effects to the potential interactions of each drug. This challenge is even more important when applied in the treatment of epilepsy in pediatric patients at the right time interval, especially if the pediatric patient is receiving combination therapy of 2 or more Antiepileptic Drugs (OAE).
The time interval for administration of antiepileptic drug combination therapy (OAE) in achieving therapeutic levels is influenced by the pharmacokinetic profile of each drug. Antiepileptic drugs (OAE) need to be monitored, especially because of high inter-patient variability due to non- linear pharmacokinetics and a narrow therapeutic scope. Through this special assignment it can be seen that of the 6 Antiepileptic Drugs (OAE) used in pediatric patients, Carbamazepine has the potential to be distributed more in blood plasma and plasma tissue with a Vd value of 0.8-2 L/Kg and Levetiracetam has a Tmax value and the lowest T1/2, namely Tmax of 1.3 hours and T1/2 of 6 hours so that Levetiracetam can reach maximum levels in the blood (Cpmax) and be eliminated from the body faster than the other 5 (five) drugs.
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Depok: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Indonesia, 2022
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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