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"Thionic Fluvisols soil in Southern Vietnam is like typical acid sulfate soil in the tropics and is severely polluted due to human activities. Salinity intrusion and industrial wastewater contamination are the main cause of environmental degradation in soil ecosystem. This research was aimed to determine a link between biochemical soil properties and land use types to provide suitable solutions for afforestation and soil restoration. Soil sampling was conducted in five different land use types at four soil layers (O, AB, Bj and Cp). The five land use types were sugarcane crop; Melaleuca plantation; 2-year Acacia plantation; 5-year Acacia plantation; and control (grass-covered land). The results showed that soil in those five land use types were very acidic (pH ≤ 4) having poor-nutrient condition with  range of  orthophosphate  content of 378 - 640 mg/kg, N-NH4  of 586 - 999 mg/kg and N-NO3 of 830 - 1,112 mg/kg. Concentration of toxic ions was very high with large variation among land use types and soil depths i.e. 1,799 – 12,403 mg SO42-/kg; 22 - 1,645 mg exchangeable Fe/kg and 34 - 88 mg Al3+/kg soil. The lowest concentration of exchangeable Fe3+ and SO42- ions were found in sugarcane and Melaleuca plantations, respectively. Twenty-three sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and two iron-oxidizing bacteria were identified. All these bacteria were initially identified as Thiobacillus sp. Sugarcane and Melaleuca plantations exhibited the most diverse Thiobacillus species which linked to reduction of exchangeable Fe and SO42- concentrations in these two land use types. This study indicated that Thiobacillus sp. could grow well in the Thionic Fluvisols. It is proposed that Melaleuca and sugarcane species could reduce iron and sulfur contents in Thionic Fluvisols in the tropics"

"Biotechnology is an expansive field incorporating expertise in both the life science and engineering disciplines. In biotechnology, the scientist is concerned with developing the most favourable biocatalysts, while the engineer is directed towards process performance, defining conditions and strategies that will maximize the production potential of the biocatalyst. Increasingly, the synergistic effect of the contributions of engineering and life sciences is recognised as key to the translation of new bioproducts from the laboratory bench to commercial bioprocess. Fundamental to the successful realization of the bioprocess is a need for process engineers and life scientists competent in evaluating biological systems from a cross-disciplinary viewpoint. Bioprocess engineering aims to generate core competencies through an understanding of the complementary biotechnology disciplines and their interdependence, and an appreciation of the challenges associated with the application of engineering principles in a life science context. Initial chapters focus on the microbiology, biochemistry and molecular biology that underpin biocatalyst potential for product accumulation. The following chapters develop kinetic and mass transfer principles that quantify optimum process performance and scale up. The text is wide in scope, relating to bioprocesses using bacterial, fungal and enzymic biocatalysts, batch, fed-batch and continuous strategies and free and immobilised configurations."

"In this volume, Prof. Ye and his coworkers propose and review the concept of nano-bio probe design for biochemical analysis. A unique biochemical analysis technology based on fluorescence polarization enhanced by nanoparticles is described here with successful applications in environmental monitoring, rapid and sensitive sensing protease activity and high-throughput screening of inhibitors. Furthermore, they introduce a versatile molecular beacon (MB)-like probe for the multiplex sensing of targets such as sequence-specific DNA, protein, metal ions and small molecule compounds based on the self-assembled biomolecule-graphene conjugates. Besides, some colorimetric and luminescence probes utilizing metal nanoparticles for biochemical applications are also presented, such as chiral enantiomer discrimination and separation, environmental monitoring, clinic diagnosis and etc."

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Penelitian ini menawarkan pengujian dan evaluasi dari pengaplikasian pengendali nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) konvensional dan economic NMPC (E-NMPC) pada sistem reaktor biokimia dengan laju pertumbuhan monod dan penghambat substrat. Tujuan utama pengendalian dengan NMPC adalah optimisasi teknis yaitu dengan meminimalisir deviasi dari nilai konsentrasi biomassa dalam reaktor dengan nilai yang diinginkan. Selain itu, tujuan utama pengendalian dengan E-NMPC adalah optimisasi ekonomi dengan mengoptimisasi produksi biomassa yang dihasilkan reaktor. Variabel yang dikendalikan (CV) adalah konsentrasi biomassa dalam reaktor, sedangkan variabel yang dimanipulasi (MV) yang juga menjadi variabel keputusan pada komponen optimisasi pengendali adalah laju dilusi. Dilakukan identifikasi sistem serta formulasi algoritma dan optimisasi pengendali E-NMPC. Penyetelan pengendali NMPC dan E-NMPC dilakukan dengan fine tuning terhadap parameter-parameter tuning pengendali. Pengendali yang telah disetel disimulasikan pada perangkat lunak optimisasi paralel dengan fine tuning dari pengendali E-NMPC. Untuk menguji performa pengendali, diberikan gangguan step pada konsentrasi substrat umpan untuk mengamati respon pengendali terhadap gangguan tersebut. Parameter utama yang akan dievaluasi untuk meninjau kinerja pengendali adalah besar fungsi objektif ekonomi. Disamping itu, ditinjau juga profil MV, ISE dari CV, serta waktu komputasi pengendali. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa skema pengendalian dengan NMPC konvensional mampu menjaga dan mengubah CV ke nilai yang diinginkan. Selain itu, skema pengendalian dengan E-NMPC memiliki produktivitas berupa produksi kumulatif biomassa yang lebih tinggi daripada skema pengendalian dengan NMPC konvensional, namun memiliki waktu komputasi yang jauh lebih lama.

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This research proposes an examination and evaluation on the application of conventional nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) and economic NMPC on biochemical reactor system with monod and substrate inhibition growth kinetics. The NMPC controller’s main objective is technical optimization which minimizes the controlled variable deviation from a desired set point, whereas the E-NMPC controller’s main objective is economical optimization which maximizes the cumulative biomass production of the reactor. The controlled variable for this research is the biomass concentration insisde the reactor, whereas the manipulated variable, which also acts as a decision variable for controller optimization, is the dilution rate. Identification of the system is initially done along with formulation of the control algorithm and optimization problem statement for the E-NMPC controller. Tuning of the conventional NMPC and E-NMPC controller is done by fine tuning of the tuning parameters. A step disturbance of feed substrate concentration is used to test the controllers‘ performance. Main evaluation of the controllers‘ performance will be based on economic cost function. Other parameters that will be evaluated are the MV profile, ISE of the CV, and controllers‘ computation time. Result shows that the conventional NMPC schemes are able to bring or maintain the controlled variable to a desired set point. However, the ENMPC scheme outperform the conventional NMPC in cumulative biomass production along the simulation period at the cost of higher computational time.

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