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"Avian influenza atau Flu Burung adalah penyakit menular pada binatang yang kemudian menulari manusia pula. Penularan pada manusia menimbulkan masalah kesehatan penting sejak tahun 2004, apalagi dengan adanya ancaman pandemi. Sampai I Maret 2006 pasien penyakit ini pada sudah dilaporkan di 7 negara, yaitu Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, Viel Nam, China, Irak dan Tnrki. Jumlah total kasus adalah 174 orang, 94 diantaranya meninggal dunia (54.02%). Sampai 1 Maret 2006 Indonesia mempunyai 27 pasien, 20 meninggal (74.07%). Pasien A! Indonesia sebagian besar adalah pria (62.5%) dan semuanya datang dengan kehtlum demam. Pandemi influenza terjadi bila muncul virus sub tipe baru yang sebelumnya tidak menyerang manusia. Karena itu, avian H5N} punya potensi unluk menimbulkan pandemik karena mungkin menulari antar manusia. Dampak pandemik dapat berupa tingginya angka kesakitan serta pekerja absen dari tugasnya, yang semuanya akan memberi dampak sosio ekonomi yang besar. Tentang kematian, pengalaman masa lalu temyata bervariasi, tergantung dari 4 faktor, yaitu jumlah orang yang terinfeksi, vindensi virus, keadaan kesehatan pasien dan efektfitas upaya pencegahan yang ada. Prediksi akurat tentang angka kematian sulit dibuat. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:125-8)

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Avian influenza, or "bird flu", is a contagious disease of animals which crossed the species barrier to infect humans and gave a quite impact on public health in the world since 2004, especially due to the threat of pandemic situation. Until 1" March 2006, laboratory-confirmed human cases have been reported in seven countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, Viel Nam, China, Iraq and Turkey with a tola! of 174 cases and 94 dead (54.02%). Indonesia has 27 cases, 20 were dead (74.07%). AI cases in Indonesia are more in male (62.5%) and all have a symptom of fever. An influenza pandemic is a rare but recurrent event. An influenza pandemic happens when a new subtype emerges that has not previously circulated in humans. For this reason, avian H5NI is a strain with pandemic potential, since it might ultimately adapt into a strain that is contagious among humatts. Impact of the pandemic could include high rates of illness and worker absenteeism are expected, and these will contribute to social and economic disruption. Historically, the number of deaths during a pandemic has varied greatly. Death rates are largely determined by four factors: the number of people who become infected, the virulence of the virus, the underlying characteristics ami vulnerability of affected populations, and the effectiveness of preventive measures. Accurate predictions of mortality cannot be made before the pandemic virus emerges and begins to spread. (MedJ Indones 2006; 15:125-8)"

"First identified in humans in Hong Kong, influenza A/H5N1, known commonly as avian influenza, has caused human disease in 15 countries around the world. Although the current number of confirmed patients is tiny compared to seasonal and the recently emerged H1N1 swine influenza, H5N1 remains a candidate for the next highly pathogenic influenza pandemic. Currently, H5N1 has very limited ability to spread from person-to-person but this may change because of mutation or reassortment with other influenza viruses leading to an influenza pandemic with high mortality. If this occurs travellers are likely to be affected and travel medicine doctors will need to consider avian influenza in returning febrile travel-lers. The early clinical features may be dismissed easily as the flu resulting in delayed treat-ment. Treatment options are limited. Oral oseltamivir alone has been the most commonly used drug but mortality remains substantial, up to 80% in Indonesia. Intravenous peramivir has been filed for registration and IV zanamivir is being developed. This review will focus on the epide-miological and clinical features of influenza A/H5N1 avian influenza and will highlight aspects relevant to travel medicine doctors."

"Lime is among the binding agents used in binding masonry units, such as brick, in many historical buildings around the world. Its physical strength, mechanical strength, and durability properties, as well as its raw material composition, can play substantial roles in the structural behavior of historic buildings. The production technologies may also differ according to their specific use in the structural layout. Hence, the characteristics of lime mortars are of interest in the assessment of the structural characteristics of historic buildings. In addition, the determination of characteristics of lime mortars is also important for the production of intervention mortars to be used in the restoration of historic buildings. This research focused on the effects of egg white on lime mortar’s physical and mechanical properties. Five mixes were prepared by maintaining a constant lime–sand–water ratio of 1:2:0.035. As the binder material, the control mixture comprised only lime putty, while various percentages of egg white in the range of 2–10% were used to prepare the remaining mixtures. An experiment was then performed with different percentages of egg white to examine the lime mortar’s axial compressive and flexural strength, as well as the water absorption. The results indicated that the compressive and flexural strength of the lime mortar increased with the increasing percentage of egg white added into lime mortar until the mixture reached 6% egg white. The addition of 8% and 10% egg white made the compressive and flexural strength start to decrease. Lime mortar that contains 6% egg white had the highest compressive and flexural strength compared to the other mix design groups. The axial compressive strength and bending strength of lime mortar can also be influenced by the air pores."

"Avian influenza (Flu Burung) merupakan salah satu penyakit prioritas kesehatan internasional karena berpotensi untuk menyebabkan pandemi influenza pada manusia. Indonesia memiliki jumlah kasus flu burung terbanyak, terutama di provinsi DKI Jakarta dengan 44 kasus dengan 37 korban meninggal. Namun pengaruh faktor lingkungan yang terkait dengan flu burung pada manusia masih kurang jelas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi keberadaan, asosiasi, dominasi serta upaya pencegahan terkait faktor lingkungan dengan penyebaran dan infeksi virus influenza Af(H5N1) pada manusia. Penelitian menggunakan analisis spasial GIS dan analisis statistk. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi dan uji statistik faktor lingkungan yang dapat mempengaruhi penyebaran dan infeksi virus influenza Af(H5N1); faktor lingkungan alami (suhu, kelembaban, curah hujan) dan faktor lingkungan buatan Garak terhadap badan air, jalan/rute transportasi, pasar) terasosiasi namun tidak bertaraf signifikan dengan suhu sebagai faktor yang paling dominan. Upaya pencegahan terhadap kejadian flu burung pada manusia terkait faktor lingkungan disarankan pada peningkatan kewaspadaan dan surveilans terhadap kondisi lingkungan (alami, buatan dan sosial) yang beresiko tinggi.

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Avian influenza (bird flu) has become a disease of international health priority because of its potential to cause an influenza pandemic. Indonesia has the highest number of human cases, especially within the DKJ Jakarta province with 44 cases and 37 deaths. Environmental factors influence associated with bird flu in humans is still unclear. This study aims to identify the existence, association, domination and prevention efforts related to environmental factors and the spread of influenza virus A/(H5N1) in humans. Spatial GIS and statistical analysis were used in the reseal'ch Based on identification and statistical tests of environmental factors that can affect the spread and infection of influenza A/(H5N1); natural environmental factors (temperature, humidity, rainfall) and artificial environmental/actors (distance 10 water bodies, roads and transportation routes, market) were associated but not statistically significant, with temperature as the most dominant factor. Efforts to prevent the occurrence of bird flu in humans related to environmental facrors is suggested increased vigilance and surveillance of environmental conditions (natural and artificial) that are of high risk."

"Globalisasi memberi dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan suatu negara yakni, meningkatnya penyebaran penyakit akibat virus dari satu wilayah negara ke wilayah negara lain atau dari satu benua ke benua lain di seluruh dunia melalui kontak antarmanusia, hewan, daging, tumbuhan, atau makanan. Seperti halnya flu burung yang menjadi pandemi pada tahun 2003 di Asia termasuk Indonesia, dimana jumlah kasus penderita flu burung terbanyak yaitu berada DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui bagaimana karakteristik lokasi penderita flu burung di DKI Jakarta. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu, memplotting lokasi penderita flu burung dan melihat tipe peternakan yang ada dalam radius 1 km dari titik penderita, lalu memplotting lokasi unggas yang terinfeksi H5N1 dan dicari jaraknya terhadap penderita, menentukan kepadatan penduduk, jumlah rumah tangga miskin, dan permukiman di lokasi penderita, maka akan didapat karakteristik lokasi penderita flu burung. Selanjutnya data diolah dengan membuat peta tiap variabel kemudian menggunakan metode overlay, menganalisis keberadaan lokasi penderita terhadap tipe peternakan yang ada dalam radius 1 km, jarak dengan lokasi unggas yang terinfeksi flu burung, kepadatan penduduk dan jumlah rumah tangga miskin. Hasil yang didapat adalah penderita flu burung di DKI Jakarta memiliki karakteristik lokasi, yaitu berada di wilayah dengan tingkat kepadatan penduduk dan proporsi rumah tangga miskin rendah, didominasi oleh tipe peternakan sektor 4 yaitu peternakan rakyat dan memiliki jarak relatif jauh dengan lokasi unggas positif flu burung. "

"A guide to training parrots that provides information on why people should train parrots, what the best methods are, how an owner's behavior influences training, how to work with baby birds, and more."

"Tujuan Untuk memahami epidemiologi terkait perjalanan natural penyakit, manajemen dan hasil terapi pada kasus Avian influenza (AI) manusia di Indonesia. Metode Studi observasional ini menggunakan data 93 kasus AI pada manusia yang memiliki konfirmasi laboratorium test terinfeksi H5N1 antara bulan September 2005?Agustus 2009. Kasus diidentifikasi melalui data yang didapat dari Departemen Kesehatan, Dinas Kesehatan Propinsi dan Kabupaten. Data kategori dianalisis dengan distribusi frekuensi, chi-square, relative risks, dan data kontinu dianalisa dengan univariate statistics dan wilcoxon tests. Hasil Hampir seluruh kasus, 54%, diterima pertama kali di klinik dan tempat praktek dokter. Semua kasus dirawat RS dan mayoritas, 85%, dengan gejala gangguan pernafasan pada saat diperiksa. Tidak terlihat adanya hubungan antara karakteristik kasus, yaitu: fasilitas kesehatan pertama yang dikunjungi, dirawatnya kasus di RS, dan gejala klinis yang paling sering muncul,dengan tingkat keselamatan/survival. Kasus yang terpajan langsung dengan unggas memiliki peluang 2,8 kali untuk mendapatkan pengobatan dengan oseltamivir dibandingkan dengan yang tidak terpajan (RR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.44 ? 5.78). Jumlah kasus selamat kecil. Kasus-kasus yang menerima pengobatan oseltamivir memiliki peluang 24% lebih tinggi untuk selamat dari pada yang tidak menerima pengobatan ini (RR =1.24, 95% CI 0.34-4.58). Kasus yang mendapatkan pengobatan oseltamivir memiliki waktu median dari mulai timbul gejala sampai mendapatkan pengobatan antiviral 2,5 hari di antara kasus yang selamat, dibandingkan dengan 7 hari untuk kasus yang meninggal. Fatalitas dapat berhubungan dengan keterlambatan pemberian antiviral sejak pertama diterima di fasilitas kesehatan. Kesimpulan Pengobatan dini dengan antiviral memiliki kontribusi untuk keselamatan penderita. Namun tingkat kecurigaan yang rendah terhadap penyakit ini akan tetap menjadi faktor penting dalam diagnosa dini. Perlu kebijakan yang terimplementasi secara meluas tentang protokol diagnosa dini dan pengobatan terhadap influenza.

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AbstractAim The study set out to better understand the epidemiology, natural history, therapeutic management and outcomes associated with confirmed human cases of Avian Influenza (AI) in Indonesia Methods This observational study utilized data from 93 cases with laboratory-confirmed H5N1 Influenza between September 2005 and August 2009. Cases were identified through records obtained from the Ministry of Health, as well as the Provincial health office and district health office records. Categorical data were analyzed with frequency tables, chi-square tests, and relative risks, and continuous data were analyzed using univariate statistics and Wilcoxon tests. Results Most subjects (54%) first presented to a physician?s office or clinic. All of the subjects were hospitalized, and the vast majority (85%) had respiratory symptoms as their predominant symptom at presentation. There was no clear association of any of these case characteristics with survival. Cases with direct poultry exposure were 2.8 times more likely to receive oseltamivir treatment than those without direct exposure (RR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.44 ? 5.78). While the overall number of survivors was small, cases with documented oseltamivir treatment were approximately 24% more likely to survive than cases for which oseltamivir treatment was not documented (RR 1.24; 95% CI: 0.34-4.58). In oseltamivir treated cases, the median time from symptom onset to start of antiviral treatment was 2.5 days in survivors compared to 7.0 days for those who died. Fatality, therefore, may be related to delay in initiation of treatment after presentation. Conclusions The data suggest that early treatment with the antiviral drug oseltamivir may play an important role in survival. However, a low clinical suspicion of disease likely remains an important impediment to early diagnosis. Therefore, a clear policy for the protocol of early diagnosis & treatment of febrile illness including influenza is necessary."