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"Buku yang berjudul "Clinical pharmacokinetics concepts and applications" ini ditulis oleh Malcolm Rowland, dan Thomas N. Tozer. Buku ini membahas tentang konsep-konsep klinis pharmacokinetik."

"Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is becoming increasingly important in human health risk assessments and in supporting pharmacodynamic modeling for toxic responses. Organized by classes of compounds and modeling purposes so users can quickly access information, this is the first comprehensive reference of its kind.This book presents an overview of the underlying principles of PBPK model development. Then it provides a compendium of PBPK modeling information, including historical development, specific modeling challenges, and current practices for, halogenated alkanes, alkene and aromatic compounds, reactive vapors in the nasal cavity, alkanes, oxyhydrocarbons, and related compounds, pesticides and persistent organic pollutants, dioxin and related compounds, metals and inorganic compounds, drugs, antineoplastic agents, perinatal transfer, mixtures, dermal exposure models."

"Highlighting the extremely important preclinical aspects of flavonoids, including pharmacokinetics and analysis in biological samples, Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics covers the methods of analysis and pharmacokinetics (preclinical and clinical) of flavonoids to help readers comprehend pharmacokinetic terminology, understand the large number of compounds that encompass the flavonoid family, appreciate the multiple analytical methods available, and assess preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics of flavonoids and similar chemical-derived compounds. The book uses applicable examples in differ."

"ABSTRAKMangiferin merupakan salah satu senyawa derivat xanton yaitu C-glikosilxanton yang berpotensi dikembangkan menjadi agen pengkelat besi namun bioavailabilitas pada pemberian secara oral sangat rendah dan kelarutannya kurang baik. Preparasi mangiferin dalam nanopartikel kitosan-alginat diharapkan dapat meningkatkan bioavailabilitas mangiferin karena dengan memperkecil ukuran mangiferin akan memperbesar luas permukaan dan meningkatkan interaksi dengan pelarut sehingga kelarutan akan meningkat. Nanopartikel juga dapat menghantarkan senyawa obat dengan baik sampai ke unit-unit kecil dalam tubuh, meningkatkan distribusi, serta obat tepat target, sehingga meningkatkan efek terapetik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui berbagai parameter farmakokinetik nanopartikel kitosan-alginat mangiferin yang diberikan secara oral pada tikus. Penelitian dilakukan pada tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley yang diberi nanopartikel kitosan-alginat mangiferin sebesar 50 mg/kgBB secara oral. Darah diambil dari vena ekor pada 0; ½; 1; 2; 3; 4; 4½; 5; 5½ dan 6 jam setelah pemberian oral. Hati dan jantung diambil pada jam ke 4 dan 6 setelah pemberian oral. Analisis kadar mangiferin pada plasma, hati dan jantung menggunakan HPLC. Parameter farmakokinetik telah dihitung. Konsentrasi maksimum nanopartikel kitosan-alginat mangiferin dalam plasma mencapai 634,65 ± 10,37 ng/mL dengan Tmax 4 jam setelah pemberian oral dan waktu paruh eliminasi (t1/2) adalah 6,45 ± 0,15 jam. Konsentrasi nanopartikel kitosan-alginat mangiferin di jantung dan di hati pada jam keempat dan keenam setelah pemberian oral berturut-turut adalah 753,16 ± 93,48 ng/mL, 1976,55 ± 40,06 ng/mL, 1998,81 ± 72,25 ng/mL, dan 3562,81 ± 189,28 ng/mL. Peningkatan kadar mangiferin pada kelompok nanopartikel kitosan-alginat mangiferin di plasma, jantung dan hati menunjukkan bentuk nanopartikel kitosan-alginat mangiferin memiliki absopsi yang lebih baik dibanding kelompok mangiferin. Preparasi nanopartikel kitosan-alginat mangiferin dapat mempengaruhi profil farmakokinetik mangiferin pada plasma dan distribusinya pada hati dan jantung tikus.

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ABSTRACTMangiferin is one of the xanthone derivative compounds, namely C-glicosylxanthones which has the potential to be developed into an iron chelating agent but the bioavailability of oral administration is very low, and its have poor solubility. The preparation of mangiferin in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles are expected to increase the bioavailability of mangiferin because by reducing particle size it will increase the surface area and increase interaction with the solvent so that solubility will increase. Nanoparticles can also deliver medicinal compounds well to small units in the body, increase distribution, and target drugs, thereby increasing therapeutic effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the various pharmacokinetic parameters of chitosan-alginate mangiferin nanoparticles given orally in rats. The study was conducted on Sprague-Dawley male rats were given 50 mg/ kgBW of chitosan-alginate mangiferin orally. Blood samples were taken from the tail vein at 0; ½; 1; 2; 3; 4; 4½; 5; 5½ and 6 hours after oral administration. Heart and liver organs are taken at the fourth and sixth hour after oral administration. Analysis of mangiferin levels in plasma, liver, and heart using HPLC. The pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated. The maximum concentration of chitosan-alginate mangiferin nanoparticles in plasma reached 634.65 ± 10.37 ng/mL with Tmax 4 hours after oral administration, and the apparent elimination half-life (t1/2) was 6,45 ± 0,15 hours. Concentrations in the heart and liver in the fourth and sixth hours after oral administration were 753,16 ± 93,48 ng/mL, 1976,55 ± 40,06 ng/mL, 1998,81 ± 72,25 ng/mL, and 3562,81 ± 189,28 ng/mL. Increased concentrations of chitosan-alginate mangiferin nanoparticles in plasma, heart, and liver showed that chitosan-alginate mangiferin nanoparticles had good absorption. Preparation of chitosan-alginate mangiferin nanoparticles can affect the pharmacokinetic profile of mangiferin in plasma and its distribution to the liver and heart of rats."