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"Buku yang berjudul "SPICE : a guide to circuit simulation and analysis using PSpice" ini ditulis oleh Paul W. Tuinenga. Buku ini merupakan sebuah buku panduan mengenai simulasi sirkuit dan analisis menggunakan PSpice."

"[Computer-aided nonlinear control system design provides such an approach based on the use of describing functions. The text deals with a large class of nonlinear systems without restrictions on the system order, the number of inputs and/or outputs or the number, type or arrangement of nonlinear terms. The strongly software-oriented methods detailed facilitate fulfillment of tight performance requirements and help the designer to think in purely nonlinear terms, avoiding the expedient of linearization which can impose substantial and unrealistic model limitations and drive up the cost of the final product.Design procedures are presented in a step-by-step algorithmic format each step being a functional unit with outputs that drive the other steps. This procedure may be easily implemented on a digital computer with example problems from mechatronic and aerospace design being used to demonstrate the techniques discussed. The author?s commercial MATLAB®-based environment, available separately from insert URL here, can be used to create simulations showing the results of using the computer-aided control system design ideas characterized in the text.;Computer-aided nonlinear control system design provides such an approach based on the use of describing functions. The text deals with a large class of nonlinear systems without restrictions on the system order, the number of inputs and/or outputs or the number, type or arrangement of nonlinear terms. The strongly software-oriented methods detailed facilitate fulfillment of tight performance requirements and help the designer to think in purely nonlinear terms, avoiding the expedient of linearization which can impose substantial and unrealistic model limitations and drive up the cost of the final product.Design procedures are presented in a step-by-step algorithmic format each step being a functional unit with outputs that drive the other steps. This procedure may be easily implemented on a digital computer with example problems from mechatronic and aerospace design being used to demonstrate the techniques discussed. The author?s commercial MATLAB®-based environment, available separately from insert URL here, can be used to create simulations showing the results of using the computer-aided control system design ideas characterized in the text.;Computer-aided nonlinear control system design provides such an approach based on the use of describing functions. The text deals with a large class of nonlinear systems without restrictions on the system order, the number of inputs and/or outputs or the number, type or arrangement of nonlinear terms. The strongly software-oriented methods detailed facilitate fulfillment of tight performance requirements and help the designer to think in purely nonlinear terms, avoiding the expedient of linearization which can impose substantial and unrealistic model limitations and drive up the cost of the final product.Design procedures are presented in a step-by-step algorithmic format each step being a functional unit with outputs that drive the other steps. This procedure may be easily implemented on a digital computer with example problems from mechatronic and aerospace design being used to demonstrate the techniques discussed. The author?s commercial MATLAB®-based environment, available separately from insert URL here, can be used to create simulations showing the results of using the computer-aided control system design ideas characterized in the text., Computer-aided nonlinear control system design provides such an approach based on the use of describing functions. The text deals with a large class of nonlinear systems without restrictions on the system order, the number of inputs and/or outputs or the number, type or arrangement of nonlinear terms. The strongly software-oriented methods detailed facilitate fulfillment of tight performance requirements and help the designer to think in purely nonlinear terms, avoiding the expedient of linearization which can impose substantial and unrealistic model limitations and drive up the cost of the final product.Design procedures are presented in a step-by-step algorithmic format each step being a functional unit with outputs that drive the other steps. This procedure may be easily implemented on a digital computer with example problems from mechatronic and aerospace design being used to demonstrate the techniques discussed. The author’s commercial MATLAB®-based environment, available separately from insert URL here, can be used to create simulations showing the results of using the computer-aided control system design ideas characterized in the text.]"

"ABSTRAKPembacaan mammografi merupakan aktifitas yang memerlukan pengetahuan dan kemampuan yang handal. Keberhasilan pengobatan kanker payudara tergantung pada deteksi dini dan diagnosis kelainan payudara. Mamografi adalah pemeriksaan terbaik yang tersedia untuk mendeteksi tanda-tanda awal kanker payudara seperti massa, kalsifikasi, asimetri bilateral dan distorsi arsitektur. Karena keterbatasan pengamat manusia, komputer memiliki peran utama dalam mendeteksi tanda-tanda awal kanker. Metode watershed diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi berbagai fitur yang menentukan kelainan dan fakta bahwa mereka sering tidak bisa dibedakan dari jaringan sekitarnya.computer aided diagnosis mammography diharapkan dapat membantu dalam pembacaan ketidak normalan pada payudara . Segmentasi watershed dengan pemilihan filter yang tepat dapat menghasilkan citra yang bisa membantu dalam melakukan diagnosa. Untuk proses diagnosis diperlukan nilai spesifisitas dan sensitivitas yang tinggi. Hasil evaluasi pada metode watershed dan batas ambang untuk nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas memiliki perbedaan 45% dan 12%. evaluasi ROC kombinasi sobel watershed memiliki nilai akurasi 83% dan kombinasi prewitt watershed memiliki nilai akurasi 85%

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ABSTRACTThe reading of mammography is an activity that requires knowledge and a powerful ability. Successful treatment of breast cancer depends on early detection and diagnosis of breast abnormalities. Mammography is the best available inspection to detect early signs of breast cancer such as mass, calcification, bilateral asymmetry and architectural distortion. Due to the limitations of the human observer, the computer has a major role in detecting early signs of cancer. Watershed method is expected to provide information on various features that define the disorder and the fact that they often can not be distinguished from the surrounding tissue. mammography computer-aided diagnosis is expected to assist in the reading of abnormalities in the breast. Watershed segmentation with the selection of the right filter can produce images that could help to make diagnosis. For the diagnostic process is required specificity and high sensitivity. The results of the evaluation at watershed method and the threshold for sensitivity and specificity have a difference of 45% and 12%. ROC evaluation Sobel combination watershed has a value of 83% accuracy and combination prewitt watershed has a value of 85 % accuracy"

"ABSTRAKPositron Emission Tomography (PET) telah dikenal sebagai modalitas molecular imaging yang sering memberikan informasi yang mendahului hasil pencitraan anatomi dari modalitas lain seperti Computed Tomography (CT) dan Magnetic Resonance (MR). Keunggulan PET untuk mendeteksi uptake yang sangat sedikit dari FDG dapat memberikan informasi abnormalitas pada organ, salah satunya pada otak. Pencitraan modalitas PET digunakan untuk mendiagnosis apabila terdapat abnormalitas dalam organ serta untuk memantau keberhasilan perlakuan radioterapi. Pada pencitraan otak menggunakan 2-Deoxy-2-[18F] fluoroglucose (FDG) uptake yang kecil tidak mudah dikenali secara visual, sehingga perlu menggunakan metode yang dapat membantu untuk mendeteksi. Dengan adanya teknik Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) berupa segmentasi dan klasifikasi menggunakan citra PET diharapkan memberikan informasi abnormalitas dengan ukuran kecil yang tidak tampak secara visual. Pada penelitian ini, dikembangkan CAD menggunakan citra otak dengan modalitas PET untuk mendeteksi abnormalitas otak dengan metode klasifikasi menggunakan ekstraksi fitur berupa Gray Level Co-Occurrance Matrix (GLCM), intensity histogram, dan Gray Level Run Length Matrix (GLRLM) sebagai dataset dari klasifikasi teknik Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Hasil klasifikasi yang dievaluasi menggunakan Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) dengan hasil error pelatihan terkecil 1.92 ± 0.70 % dan error pengujian terkecil 12.30 ± 3.47%. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa sistem CAD yang dikembangkan dapat mengenali citra otak normal dan abnormal.

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ABSTRACTPositron Emission Tomography (PET) is well known as a molecular imaging modality that provides functional organ information. This information supports the results of anatomical imaging from other modalities such as Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This superiority is due to the ability of PET to detect of small amount uptake from 2-Deoxy-2-[18F] fluoroglucose (FDG) which provide for information about abnormalities of organs, especially in the brain. Therefore, PET imaging is powerful to diagnose the presence of abnormalities, staging cancer, and evaluating radiotherapy treatment results. In brain PET imaging sometimes, small uptake is not easily visual recognized, hence an additional supporting method for its detection is needed. In this study, Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) of brain abnormalities from PET images using classification methods based on a feature in the form of Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM), intensity histogram, dan Gray Level Run Length Matrix (GLRLM) as a dataset of Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The result based on Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) illustrated that the training error was 1.92 ± 0.70 % and the test error was 12.30 ± 3.47%. These results mean that this developed CAD system can recognize normal and abnormal brain images."