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"This paper looks at the responses of some contemporary Muslim scolars on the womens right issues.These shholars are Amina wadud,abd Allah al-Na'im,Asma Barlas,Muhammad Arkoun ,Fatima Mernisasi, and Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, with a consideration of their significant contribution to the idea of women's rights in Islam

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"Tema besar dalam skripsi ini adalah eksistensi hak individu, terutama dalam hal kehidupan bernegara. Dimulai dengan pembahasan konsep hak yang telah muncul mendahului kontrak yang dibentuk oleh individu sebagai penjamin atas keberlangsungan hidup mereka. Negara sebagai manifestasi kontrak sosial merupakan agen proteksi yang diberikan suatu kuasa oleh individu-individu untuk menjamin keberlangsungan dari individu-individu tersebut dalam mengakses hak¬haknya. Permasalahannya kemudian adalah secara empiris terjadi pelencengan atas fungsi negara sebagai agen proteksi bagi individu-individunya. Ketika negara memiliki suatu kebijakan yang mengarah pada pengorbanan individu sebagai sarana menuju cita-citanya, maka sebenarnya negara tersebut telah keluar dari konteks idealnya. Skripsi ini hendak menunjukan konsep negara yang seharusnya berbasis pada penghargaan atas otonomi individu. Melalui teori Robert Nozick, skripsi ini berusaha menunjukan konsep negara minimal yang tepat untuk diterapkan dalam kehidupan bernegara. Ketika individu hidup dalam suatu negara maka kekuasaan negara tidak dapat terlalu jauh melakukan intervensi terhadap warganegara. Dengan demikian, negara dapat memberlakukan suatu regulasi kepada masyarakatnya jika mereka menyetujuinya secara sukarela.

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The Main theme of this thesis is individual rights, especially in the matter of living in as a state. Starting by discussing the concept of rights which has existed prior to a of contract formed by the individuals as a the guarantor of their survival. A state as a manifestation of a social contract playes the part of the protecting agent which is given an authority by it's individuals to guarantee the individual`s survival to access their rights. The problem then becomes, empirically, there have been violations of the state`s function as a protecting agent towards the individuals. When a state has the authority that leads to a sacrifation of an individual as a way to achieve an ambition, thus the state has stepped out from it`s ideal concept. This thesis wishes to present a state concept that must be based on the respect of individual`s autonomous capabilities. Using robert nozick`s theory, this thesis tries to present the right concept of minimal state that can be applied in a state-living situation. When an individual lives in a state, the state`s authority cannot go too far in intervening with it`s citizen`s matters . Therefore a state can validate a regulation towards it`s citizens if they give make an agreement voluntarily."

"Examining Critical Perspectives on Human Rights sets out a practical and theoretical overview of the future of human rights within the United Kingdom and beyond. A number of internationally renowned scholars respond to David Kennedy's contribution 'The International Human Rights Movement: Still Part of the Problem?' from a range of different perspectives. With its combination of theory and practice of international and domestic human rights at this key juncture in the human rights project, it is relevant to all scholars and practitioners with an interest in human rights"-- Provided by publisher.Part I. Introduction -- Examining critical perspectives on human rights : an introduction / Ole W. Pedersen & C. R. G. Murray -- The international human rights regime : still part of the problem? / David Kennedy -- Part II. Domestic Human Rights Perspectives -- What is the point of human rights law? / Keith Ewing -- If you cannot change the rules of the game, adapt to them : United Kingdom responses to the restrictions set by Article 3 ECHR on 'national security' deportations / David Bonner -- The right to security : securing rights or securitizing rights? / Liora Lazarus -- Of fortresses and caltrops: national security and competing models of rights protection / C. R. G. Murray -- Part III. International Human Rights Law Perspectives -- The rule of law and the role of human rights in comtemporary international law / Elena Katselli -- The construction of the constitutional essentials of democratic politics by the European Court of Human Rights following Sejdić and Finci / Steven Wheatley -- Universal human rights : a challenge too far / Rob Dickinson -- Part IV. Theoretical Perspectives on Human Rights -- The reality and hyper-reality of human rights : public consciousness and the mass media / Eric Heinze -- Human rights and the struggle for change : a study in self-critical legal thought / Christine Bell -- Lawfare and the internatinal human rights movement / Richard Mullender."