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"An optical modulation by the use of bending effect developed from the effect of relative bending loss on optical fiber. The bending loss will decrease if the bending angle decreases. By varying the bending angle the bending loss will vary too. The modulation process obtained through this mechanism. The bending angle on optical fiber obtained from three mandrel laid on the loud-speaker; two mandrel on the frame and one on the cone of loud-speaker, while optical fiber laid between the mandrel. If current signal injected on coil loudspeaker, the coil will push the mandrel and then push optical fiber to form bending angle. The obtained 3 dB frequency response ranged from 28 Hz to 5714.3 Hz while the SNR and modulation index are 32.98 dB and 0.956 respectively. This modulator would be useable for single channel instrumentation and control links."

"An optical modulation using attenuated total reflection offers several advantages in terms of speed, aperture size, and ease of operation compared to other techniques for amplitude modulation of a collimated light beam. This study developed a simple device consists of a prism separated from a mirror reflecting surface by a small - size gap. Varying the gap thickness changes the intensity of the light reflected off by the base of the prism. This thesis devoted to a study on the coupling of a plane wave, the principle of operation and some experiments. The result leads to the realization of the simple device with a high performance."

"Disperse Red 1 (DR 1) adalah pewarna merah yang memiliki unsur kimia C16H18N4O3. DR 1 merupakan pewarna azo yang mempunyai sifat fotoisomerisasi reversibel. Pada pewarna azo perubahan dari trans ke cis dapat menyebabkan perubahan reversibel yang diinduksi cahaya pada beberapa pewarna, seperti DR 1. Perubahan struktur dari trans ke cis terjadi karena penyerapan cahaya ultraviolet (UV). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui nilai spektrum serapan cahaya pada perubahan struktur molekul Disperse Red 1 isomer trans terhadap isomer 90° dan isomer cis, sehingga mengetahui besar pergeseran spektrum penyerapan cahaya karena penyerapan UV menggunakan metode komputasi density functional theory (DFT). Hasil analisa berdasarkan spektrum serapan optik didapatkan perubahan warna pada isomer trans, 90°, dan cis karena ketika trans menyerap sinar UV maka akan terjadi pergeseran molekul sehingga membentuk isomer 90° dan isomer cis, pada saat pergeseran inilah molekul menyerap energi cahaya sehingga mengalami perubahan warna.

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Disperse Red 1 (DR 1) is a red dye with the chemical element C16H18N4O3. DR 1 is an azo dye with reversible photoisomerisation properties. Some azo dyes, including DR 1, undergo light-induced reversible transitions from trans to cis. Changes in structure from trans to cis occur due to ultraviolet (UV) light absorption. This study aimed to determine the value of changes in the molecular structure of Disperse Red 1 trans isomer to 90° isomer and cis isomer, on the light absorption spectrum in order to determine the magnitude of the shift in the light absorption spectrum due to UV absorption using the density functional theory (DFT) computational method. Based on the optical absorption spectrum, the analysis revealed colour changes in the trans, 90 °, and cis isomers. When the trans-absorbed UV light, a molecular shift occurred to form the 90° isomer and the cis isomer. The molecule absorbed light energy during this shift, causing it to change colour."