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"Kekuatan merupakan salah satu konsep sentral dalam kajian hubungan internasional sejak awal perkembangannya. Kekuatan sendiri tidak bersifat uni-dimensional, melainkan bersifat multidimensional dan mencakup banyak aspek. Salah satu dimensi dalam kekuatan adalah sarana proyeksinya, yang mencakup sarana ekonomi. Penggunaan sarana ekonomi sebagai proyeksi kekuatan telah berkembang sepanjang sejarah, dan salah satu konsep yang muncul sebagai turunan dari perilaku tersebut adalah geoekonomi. Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan literatur yang akan berupaya untuk membahas perkembangan geoekonomi dalam hubungan internasional. Dalam tulisan ini, akan dipaparkan 32 literatur yang membahas tentang geoekonomi dalam hubungan internasional. Adapun literatur-literatur tersebut akan diorganisir dengan metode taksonomi, yang menghasilkan tiga tema pembahasan utama: (1) perkembangan konsep geoekonomi; (2) geoekonomi dan kebijakan luar negeri; dan (3) geoekonomi melalui pendekatan kawasan. Selain itu, dalam tulisan ini juga akan diidentifikasi konsensus, perdebatan, refleksi, serta sintesis terhadap keseluruhan literatur yang dipaparkan. Pada bagian akhir tulisan ini akan ditutup dengan kesimpulan dan rekomendasi untuk perkembangan geoekonomi kedepannya.

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Power has been one of the central concepts in International Relations since the emergence of its study. Rather than unidimensional, power is seen as a multidimensional concept which encompasses many aspects. One of the dimensions in power is its projection or its means, which include economic means. The use of economic means as power projection has developed throughout history, and one of the concepts that emerged as a descendant of this behavior is geoeconomics. This paper is a literature review which aims to discuss about the development of geoeconomics in international relations. This paper will consist of 32 literatures that focus on the topic of geoeconomics in international relations. The literatures will be organized using taxonomy methods, divided into three main topics: (1) the development of geoeconomics concept; (2) geoeconomics and foreign policy; and (3) geoeconomics through regional approach. Afterwards, this paper will try to identify the consensus, debate, reflection, and synthesis towards the entire literature body. Finally, this paper will give a conclusion and recommendations for the future study of geoeconomics."

"Sejak masuknya pembangunan internasional ke dalam Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, ia hanya dimaknai sebagai pertumbuhan ekonomi. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kajian pembangunan internasional pun berkembang dan didominasi oleh berbagai teori seperti Modernisasi, Dependensi, serta Neoklasik. Namun, kajian pembangunan internasional terlalu fokus pada ranah ekonomi sehingga tidak sadar akan signifikansi sejarah dan ketimpangan relasi kuasa global yang memengaruhi realitas negara-negara “terbelakang” yang dianggap memerlukan pembangunan. Celah ini lah yang dapat diisi oleh perspektif pascakolonialisme sebagai perspektif yang fokus menyelidiki dampak sejarah kolonialisme dan warisannya yang masih hadir dan memengaruhi pembangunan internasional saat ini. Dengan demikian, tulisan ini akan menelusuri kajian pascakolonialisme dalam pembangunan internasional dengan menjawab rumusan masalah utama yakni bagaimana perkembangan literatur akademis dalam memandang pembangunan internasional melalui perspektif pascakolonialisme? Tinjauan literatur ini menggunakan metode taksonomi untuk meninjau 26 literatur akademis terakreditasi yang pembahasannya akan dibagi berdasarkan dua tema, yaitu Eurosentrisme dalam pembangunan internasional dan persistence of colonialism dalam pembangunan internasional. Penulis kemudian akan memetakan konsensus dan perdebatan dari literatur yang ditinjau untuk menemukan sintesis. Tinjauan dan analisis penulis menghasilkan sintesis umum bahwa pembangunan internasional merupakan gagasan Eurosentris yang dalam praktiknya menyerupai kolonialisme melalui mekanisme bantuan luar negeri, Structural Adjustment Programme, ekspansi perusahaan multinasional, dan universalisme model pembangunan internasional.

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Since the introduction of international development into the field of International Relations, it has been narrowly interpreted as economic growth. Over time, the study of international development has evolved and been dominated by various theories such as Modernization, Dependency, and Neoclassical theories. However, the study of international development has been too focused on the economic realm, neglecting the significance of history and the imbalances in global power relations that affect the realities of “underdeveloped” countries requiring development. This gap can be filled by the postcolonial perspective, which focuses on investigating the historical impacts of colonialism and its enduring legacy that still influences international development today. Therefore, this paper aims to explore postcolonial perspectives in international development by addressing the main research question: how has the academic literature evolved in viewing international development through a postcolonial lens? This literature review adopts a taxonomy method to examine 26 accredited academic works, which are categorized into two major themes: Eurocentrism in international development and the persistence of colonialism in international development. The author then maps out the consensus and debates within the reviewed literature to synthesize the findings of the literature review. The author’s review and analysis result in a general synthesis that international development is a Eurocentric concept that, in practice, resembles colonialism through mechanisms such as foreign aid, Structural Adjustment Programs, the expansion of multinational corporations, and the universalism of the international development model."

"Investor-state arbitration is a relatively new dispute settlement mechanism that allows foreign investors the opportunity to seek redress for damages arising out of breaches of investment-related treaty obligations by the governments of host countries. Claims are submitted to independent, international arbitration tribunals, which are called upon to interpret the treaty at hand. Because of the public interest involved in these cases, the awards of these tribunals are subject to much scrutiny and debate. Thus, it has already generated hundreds of cases and created new legal disciplines, inspiring a continuous string of legal writings. This book describes the process of investor-state arbitration in all of its phases, and provides the reader with comprehensive insight into investor-state arbitration. It includes contributions from many of the leading experts in the field, from private practitioners and academics to government and NGO officials. In this way, this book differs from other books on this topic because it includes contributions from all actors involved, providing more credibility in an area in which one of the main criticisms is bias against governments. This book provides pragmatic and reliable analysis of all aspects of this evolving topic."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh cita-cita Indonesia dalam mewujudkan swasembada daging sapi telah dimulai sejak tahun 2000. Indonesia secara berturut-turut mencanangkan program swasembada daging sapi ke dalam tiga periode: 2000-2005; 2005-2010; 2010-2014. Namun, di penghujung tahun 2014, pencapaian swasembada daging sapi di Indonesia dinyatakan belum tercapai. Maka, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor internal dan eksternal yang menyebabkan kegagalan program swasembada sapi pada periode tahun 2010-2014.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami praktik dan dinamika perdagangan internasional komoditas pangan strategis, serta gesekannya terhadap kepentingan nasional. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam dinamika ekonomi politik internasional, upaya swasembada pangan yang dilihat dari perspektif nasionalisme ekonomi berada dalam kepungan liberalisasi perdagangan internasional. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan integritas dari semua pihak yang berkepentingan agar suatu negara dapat mencapai swasembada pangan.

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The background of this research is Indonesia's attempt to achieve beef self-sufficiency that has been started since 2000. Indonesia has launched beef self-sufficiency programs consecutively into three periods: 2000-2005; 2005-2010; 2010-2014. However, in the end of 2014, Indonesia still has not reached its target. Thus, this study is conducted to determine the internal and external factors that cause the failure in beef self-sufficiency program in the period 2010-2014.

This research aims to understand the practices and the dynamics of strategic food commodities international trade, as well as its friction against the national interest. The results of this research revealed that in the dynamics of the international political economy, the efforts to achieve food self-sufficiency, which are viewed from the economic nationalism perspective, were surrounded by the liberalization of international trade. Therefore, it takes the integrity of all the stakeholders so that a nation can achieve food self-sufficiency."