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"Developmental psychology is a vast and fragmented discipline that is in dire need of a theoretical framework for thinking systematically about development. This book offers an integrative theoretical framework for thinking systematically about what happens during life span development and how life span development happens. Systems theory provides an overarching approach for conceptualizing the functioning and development of the whole person in terms of multiple and interrelated individual, social, and cultural processes. It is argued that much of what develops during development is cultural action in relation to others and that such action involves interrelations among varied domains of functioning (e.g., perception, cognition, emotion, language, social interaction, self/identity). Based on organismic-developmental theory, this conceptualization posits that development occurs in relation to cultural expectations and that action undergoes differentiation and integration during development. This conceptualization of what happens during development explicitly distinguishes between change and development and emphasizes dynamic developmental processes rather than static milestones. It is then creatively synthesized with sociocultural theory to explain how development happens through individual, social, and cultural processes. Varied examples from diverse cultures are used to explain central theoretical points and to illustrate how to use the theoretical framework to think systematically about human development. By embracing complexity and variability, the books conceptualization of action and development provides ways to address some of developmental psychologys most vexing issues and opens up exciting new directions for investigating the dynamics of human action and development."

"This book investigates whether the former articulations accepted by the early childhood canon regarding definitions of quality, models of relationship outside the home, and peer relations in the child care context are accurate and relevant within the increasingly racially, linguistically, and ethnically diverse society of the United States. The contributing authors discuss the central questions from diverse perspectives and the totality challenge assumptions about long-standing notions pertaining to early care and education. Carollee Howes provides the theoretical framework for this volume in which child care is a cultural community unto itself and responsive teaching is the hallmark of quality in early care and education settings. Dr. Howes is scholarship in early childhood attachment relationships in preschool settings in the United States, peer relations, and child care quality influenced policy, advocacy, and research in early education. The remaining chapters, written by her former students or professional colleagues, provide analyses and discussion of previous research and/or present summaries of original work that contribute to our current understandings regarding the function of early education within the diverse context of the United States. Three central themes are highlighted by the chapters: Child care is an inequitable system divided by race/ethnicity and class; responsive teaching must be culturally responsive; and professionalization of the field is sorely needed for teachers to teach effectively and for early care and education programs to fulfill the promise of equity in education."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat gambaran mengenai attachment dan kontrol diri pada anak usia prasekolah (3 sampai 4 tahun). Pengukuran kontrol diri dilakukan melalui paradigma Delay of Gratification  menggunakan Stanford Marshmallow Test yang dikembangkan oleh Mischel, Shoda & Rodriguez (1989). Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengukur durasi waktu yang dihabiskan anak untuk menunggu, serta perilaku apa yang ditunjukkan oleh anak ketika menunggu. Selain itu, attachment diukur Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall (1978). Pengukuran tersebut membagi pola attachment menjadi 3 (tiga) kelompok yang terdiri dari secure attachment, insecure-resistant attachment, dan insecure-avoidant attachment. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 7 pasangan ibu anak berusia 3 sampai 4 tahun serta berjenis kelamin laki-laki atau perempuan. Melalui observasi, peneliti menemukan bahwa anak berusia 4  tahun memiliki durasi waktu delay yang lebih panjang. Selain itu, anak yang memiliki secure attachment dan insecure-avoidant attachment memiliki durasi delay of gratification di atas rata-rata seluruh partisipan. Kemudian, ditemukan perbedaan perilaku menunggu yang ditunjukkan oleh anak-anak dengan secure attachment dan insecure-avoidant attachment, serta anak dengan insecure-resistant attachment. Untuk melakukan generalisasi hasil penelitian, diperlukan penelitian dengan sampel yang lebih banyak.

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This research is conducted to see attachment to mother and its relation to self-control in preschool children of aged 3-4 years old. Self-control is measured through delay of gratification paradigm with Stanford Marshmallow Test which was developed by Mischel, Shoda & Rodriguez (1989). In this research, the researcher measured the duration the children spent to wait, and the behavior children shown while waiting. Attachment is measured with Strange Situation Procedure which was developed by Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall (1978). This measurement divided the attachment patterns into three groups consist of secure attachment, insecure-resistant attachment, and insecure-avoidant attachment. Participant of this research is 7 pairs of mother and their children aged 3 to 4 years, boys or girls. Through observation, the researcher found that the children aged 4 have a longer time to wait. In addition, children who have secure attachment and insecure-avoidant attachments have a duration of delay of gratification above the average of all participants. Then, differences in waiting behavior were found in children with secure attachments and insecure-avoidant attachments, and children with insecure-resistant attachments. To generalize the results of the study, more sample is needed."

"Setiap individu pasti melakukan kegiatan dan berada dalam setting tempat tertentu. Peristiwa dan pengalaman di suatu tempat memiliki kaitan dengan persepsi individu dan ikatan pada tempat tersebut. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan yang signifikan antara school well-being, bullying dan place attachment di Sekolah Menengah Atas dan antar ketiganya. Pengukuran school well-being mengadaptasi alat ukur school well-being (Anne Konu, 2002) dan pengukuran place attachment mengadaptasi alat ukur place attachment (Williams, 1989), sedangkan pengukuran bullying menggunakan pertanyaan terbuka mengenai situasi yang terjadi. Jumlah sampel penelitian ini adalah 133 orang yang merupakan mahasiswa tingkat pertama di Universitas Indonesia.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara school well-being, bullying dan place attachment maupun antar ketiganya, kecuali antara school well-being dan bullying. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat dilihat bahwa perubahan skor dari satu variabel dapat diikuti dengan perubahan skor pada variabel lainnya.Hasil penelitian mengenai hubungan school well-being dan bullying dengan menggunakan partial correlation dan mengontrol place attachment yang tidak signifikan diasumsikan peneliti disebabkan oleh ikatan yang muncul dengan sekolah membuat persepsi kesejahteraan diri siswa tidak terpengaruh dengan perilaku bullying yang terjadi. Selain hasil diatas, didapatkan pula hasil bahwa bullying lebih sering terjadi di sekolah swasta dibandingkan dengan sekolah negeri dan well-being siswa yang bersekolah di luar Jabodetabek cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan di Jabodetabek.

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Every individual must do activities and be in a certain place setting. Events and experiences in a place linked to individual perception and attachment to the place. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the significant relationship between school well-being, bullying and place attachment in high school and intercorrelation between them. Measurements adapted the school well-being measure school well-being (Anne Konu, 2002) and measurement of place attachment measure place attachment adaptation (Williams, 1989), whereas measurements using open-ended questions about the bullying situation occurs. The study sample size was 133 people which is a first year student at the University of Indonesia.

The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between school well-being, bullying and place attachment and between the three, but the school well-being and bullying. Based on the results of the study can be seen that the change in score of one variable can be followed by changes in scores on other variables.

Results of research on the relationship of well-being and school bullying by using partial correlation and place attachment control is not significant due to the researchers assumed that ties up with schools to make students self-perception of well-being is not affected by bullying behavior happened. In addition to the results above, also obtained results that bullying is more common in private schools compared to public schools and wellbeing of students who attend school outside Jabodetabek tend to be higher than in Jabodetabek."