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"A study at several geothermal systems in West Java,Indonesia shows that thermal waters could naturally contain up to 2.6 ppm As and 6.5 ppb Hg,and the survace hydrothermal alteration could contribute up to 50 ppm As and 800 ppb Hg...."

"This book is a comprehensive and authoritative study of the increasing need for commercial astronauts. Erik Seedhouse provides unique insights into the burgeoning new field of commercial space operation and the individuals who will run these missions. Section I begins by describing how Astronauts for Hire (A4H) was created in 2010 by Brian Shiro, a highly qualified NASA astronaut candidate, and a group of other astronaut candidates. Erik introduces A4H's vision for opening the space frontier to commercial astronauts and describes the tantalizing science opportunities offered when suborbital and orbital trips become routine. Section II describes the vehicles astronauts will use. Anticipation is on the rise for the new crop of commercial suborbital and orbital spaceships that will serve the scientific and educational market. These reusable rocket-propelled vehicles are expected to offer quick, routine, and affordable access to the edge of space, along with the capability to carry research and educational crew members. The quick turnaround of these vehicles is central to realizing the profit-making potential of repeated sojourns by astronauts to suborbital and orbital heights. Section III describes the various types of missions this new corps of astronauts will fly and who will hire them. For example, suborbital flights may be used to do high altitude astronomy, life science experiments, and microgravity physics. This section continues with an examination of the types of missions that will accelerate human expansion outward, to Exploration Class missions through lunar bases, the establishment of interplanetary spaceports, and outposts on the surface of Mars. Along the way it describes the tasks commercial astronauts will perform, ranging from mining asteroids to harvesting helium."

"EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATION, AND BODY SIZE ON THE BIOACCUMULATION OF MERCURY ON THE ARK COCKLES ANADARA ANTIQUATA. The kinetics of mercury bioaccumulation on the ark cockles Anadara antiquata were investigated by using radiotracer. An aquaria experiments applied to two groups of cockles, that were smaller (10-20mm) and bigger cockles (35-45 mm), three individuals each, with two replications. Four Hg2+ concentration (0.0025; 0.005; 0.01; and 0.02 μg.L-1) with 0.5 Bq.L-1 of 203Hg2+ were treated to both groups. The experiments of bioaccumulation lasted for 14 days, continued with 5 days depuration treatments. The observed variables were Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), uptake rates, efflux rates, contents of mercury in the body, and elimination rates of mercury. The models to predict BCF and elimination rates also had made. The results showed that Hg2+ bioaccumulation on smaller cockles was higher than bigger cockles. The increased of Hg2+ concentration in the water decreased the BCF on both groups. By the steady state of exposure period, the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) of Hg was 775,532 on smaller cockles, and 378,708 on bigger cockles. The increased of Hg2+ concentration in the medium effected the increased ofHg2+ efflux rates, and Hg2+ contents in the body on both groups, but decreased the uptake rates on bigger cockles. There were no significant differences of Hg2+ retention percentage during depuration time on both groups."

"ABSTRAKKegiatan pertambangan emas skala kecil berdampak negatif pada aspek ekologi, sosial, dan ekonomi. Meski sudah dilakukan sosialisasi untuk menghentikan kegiatan tersebut, kegiatan penambangan emas skala kecil masih berlangsung. Penelitian bertujuan untuk: 1) menganalisis hubungan sikap, norma subyektif, dan persepsi tentang kemampuan mengubah perilaku dengan intensi untuk mengubah perilaku penambangan emas skala kecil, 2) menganalisis hubungan antara kebergantungan pada sumber daya tambang dan persepsi tentang kemampuan mengubah perilaku, dan 3) merancang strategi komunikasi untuk sosialisasi bahaya merkuri. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara terstruktur dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil uji korelasi rank Spearman menunjukkan bahwa sikap dan norma subyektif berhubungan negatif dengan intensi untuk mengubah perilaku. Sebaliknya, persepsi tentang kemampuan mengubah perilaku berhubungan positif dengan intensi untuk mengubah perilaku. Hanya sikap yang berhubungan nyata dengan intensi untuk mengubah perilaku. Tingkat kebergantungan pada sumber daya tambang berhubungan positif dengan persepsi tentang kemampuan mengubah perilaku. Strategi sosialisasi bahaya merkuri mencakup: 1) melibatkan berbagai pemangku kepentingan (pemerintah, tokoh masyarakat, perusahaan, akademisi) sebagai sumber pesan 2) menyampaikan pesan tentang sumber pencemaran, jalur pajanan, toksisitas merkuri serta valuasi ekonomi penggunaan merkuri, dan alternatif mata pencaharian lain, 3) memanfaatkan forum, media tercetak, dan media hibrida untuk penyampaian pesan, dan 4) melibatkan semua kalangan masyarakat sebagai penerima pesan

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ABSTRACTSmall-scale gold mining give a negative impact in the aspect of ecology, social, and economy. Although some socialization aims to stop the activities had been employed, small scale mining activities still exist. Aims of the research: 1) analyzing the relation between attitude, subjective norm, and perceived ability to change behavior with the intention to change the behavior of the small-scale gold mining, 2) analyzing the relation between mine dependence with perceived ability to change behavior, 3) designing communication strategy in socializing mercury hazard. The data are collected by doing the structured and in-depth interview. The result of rank Spearman correlation test showed that attitude and subjective norm related nagatively with the intention to change behavior. On the contrary, perceived ability to change behavior related positively with the intention. Attitude is the only aspect that have signifficant relation with the intention to change behavior. The mine dependence related with the perceived ability to change behavior. The strategies of mercury hazard socialization: 1) involving the stakeholder (e.g. government, local public figure, the mining company, and academician) as sources of messages, 2) informing the source of pollution, exposure, mercury toxicity and economic valuation of mercury usage, and the living source alternative, 3) using forum, printed media, hybrid media in socializing, and 4) involving the community as the receiver.;"

"Pertambangan emas di kabupaten Mandailing Natal sudah ada sejak 2008. Tetapi semakin marak pada tahun 2010 di kecamatan Hutabargot dan di kecamatan Nagajuang pada November 2011. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kadar merkuri pada rambut pada pekerja tambang terpajan merkuri dan karakteristik individu pekerja(usia, lama tinggal, status gizi dan konsumsi ikan) dengan gangguan keseimbangan tubuh. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross sectional. Data yang digunakan yaitu data primer dari kuesioner dan sekunder dari hasil uji laboratorium rambut. Sampel penelitian ini disesuaikan dengan sampel dari data sekunder yang menggunakan rumus Lemeshow sehingga didapatkan sampel 60 orang.Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara variabel independent (merkuri dalam rambut) dan variabel konfounding terhadap variabel dependent (gangguan keseimbangan tubuh). Walaupun hasil penelitian tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan jika dilihat dari nilai OR variabel merkuri dalam rambut masih tergolong tinggi yaitu 6,0 dan setelah dikontol variabel karakteristik individu OR merkuri dalam rambut turun menjadi 4,92.

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Gold mining in Mandailing Natal regency has been around since 2008. But it became more prevalent in 2010 in Hutabargot sub-district and in Nagajuang sub-district in November 2011. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between mercury levels in hair in mercury exposed workers and individual characteristics of workers (age, length of stay, nutritional status and consumption of fish) with body balance disorders. This study uses a cross sectional method. The data used are primary data from questionnaires and secondary from the results of hair laboratory tests. The research sample was adjusted to the sample from secondary data using the Lemeshow formula so that sample of 60 people was obtained.The results of this study found that there was no significant relationship between independent variables (mercury in hair) and confounding variables on the dependent variable (body balance disorder). Although the results of the study did not show a significant relationship when viewed from the OR variable value of mercury in the hair was still relatively high at 6.0 and after being contracted the individual characteristic variable OR mercury in the hair dropped to 4.92."

"Merkuri merupakan salah satu bahan berbahaya dan beracun dalam bentuk logam berat yang persisten dan bersifat bioakumulatif dalam ekosistem sehingga menyebabkan ancaman khusus bagi kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan. Salah satu biomarker jangka panjang untuk mengukur merkuri dalam tubuh adalah rambut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan status pekerjaan dengan keracunan merkuri di wilayah pertambangan emas skala kecil (PESK) Desa Mangkualam dan Kramatjaya Kec. Cimanggu Kab. Pandeglang tahun 2018. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross-sectional dengan variabel utama status pekerjaan responden dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut masyarakat dan variabel lain yaitu umur, jarak tempat tinggal, frekuensi konsumsi ikan, buah, dan sayur. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan quota sampling dengan responden sebanyak 43 orang di masing-masing desa. Data penelitian ini merupakan data sekunder dari institusi Balai Besar Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan dan Pengendalian Penyakit (BBTKLPP) Jakarta melalui wawancara terpimpin dan pemeriksaan kadar merkuri dalam rambut di laboratorium. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat dengan uji chi-square serta uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menggunakan uji chi-square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara status pekerjaan dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut (p=0,001 OR=4,825). Hasil analisis uji korelasi Spearman menyatakan tidak terdapat hubungan antara variabel umur dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut (p=0,715), frekuensi konsumsi buah dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut (p=0,201), frekuensi konsumsi sayur kadar merkuri dalam rambut (p=2,07), akan tetapi terdapat hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara frekuensi konsumsi ikan dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut (p=0,000 R=0,720). Hasil analisis uji chi-square menyatakan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara responden yang bertempat tinggal dengan jarak ≤ 261 meter maupun jarak >261 meter dari pengolahan emas dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut (p=0,472).

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Mercury is one of the hazardous and toxic element in the form of persistent and bioaccumulative heavy silvery-white metal in the ecosystem, which causes particular threat to human and environmental health. One of the long term biomarkers to assess mercury inside the body is hair. This study aimed at determining relation between employment status and mercury intoxication of the population by artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in Mangkualam and Kramatjaya Villages, Cimanggu, Pandeglang in the year of 2018. This study was an analytic observational study employing cross-sectional design with the main variable of residents employment status with hair mercury levels. Other variables measured were age, residence distance, frequent consumption of fish, fruits, and vegetables. The sampling technique was carried out by quota sampling with total of 43 respondents in each village. This study used secondary data obtained from the Jakarta Institute of Environmental Health and Disease Control (BBTKLPP). The data was collected by guided interviews and examinations of mercury levels in hair in the laboratory. The data analysis was conducted by univariate and bivariate with chi-square test and Spearman correlation test. The chi-square test found that there was statistically significant correlation between employment status and mercury levels in hair (p=0,001 OR=4,825). From the Spearman correlation test, it was found that no correlation was obtained between age as a variable and mercury levels in hair (p=0,715), frequency of fruits consumption and mercury levels in hair (p=0,201), frequency of vegetables consumption and mercury levels in hair (p=2,07). However, there was a statistically significant correlation between frequency of fish consumption and mercury levels in hair (p=0,000 R=0,720). The chi-square analysis test found that no significant difference was obtained between respondents whose residence ≤ 261 meter and >261 meter from the artisanal small scale gold mining with mercury levels in hair (p=0,472)."