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"Liberalism as Utopia challenges widespread perceptions about the weakness of Mexico's nineteenth-century state. Schaefer argues that after the War of Independence non-elite Mexicans - peasants, day laborers, artisans, local merchants - pioneered an egalitarian form of legal rule by serving in the town governments and civic militias that became the local faces of the state's coercive authority. These institutions were effective because they embodied patriarchal norms of labor and care for the family that were premised on the legal equality of male, adult citizens. The book also examines the emergence of new, illiberal norms that challenged and at the end of the century, during the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, overwhelmed the egalitarianism of the early-republican period. By comparing the legal cultures of agricultural estates, mestizo towns and indigenous towns, Liberalism as Utopia also proposes a new way of understanding the social foundations of liberal and authoritarian pathways to state formation in the nineteenth-century world."

"The article examines the current political development of the integration process of the EU. The author takes a closer look at the electoral voles of three very important EU members of the EU. The result of the EU referendum in three EU member countries shows a different opinion and ideology of the European citizen. Spain's weak and meek "yes" to the EU constitution obtained through a massive campaign by the political establishment and jointly by government and opposition alike. The result "no " in the Netherlands has shown signs nationalistic backlash towards EU constitution. A part from Holland social decline, the "no "from the left was this time based on the ELI lack of appeal. And the French "no" with high electoral participation was based on the excesses of the free market system within the EU constitution., necessarily implying a lessening of the French social welfare system, increased unemployment, and lowering of living standards. The author concludes with the questions: what the EU will be to the European Union? and where the process of the EU integration or disintegration will lead"

"Kebangkitan populisme dan krisis pengungsi telah menghadapkan Uni Eropa (UE) pada potensi ancaman dan tantangan dalam mempertahankan prinsip-prinsip dasar demokrasi dan HAM yang dianut oleh UE. Di sisi lain, UE juga harus menjamin keamanan dan menyerap aspirasi warganya, khususnya di tengah desakan nativisme kaum populis untuk menolak pengungsi yang dianggap merugikan masyarakat Eropa. Kondisi tersebut mengarahkan penelitian ini untuk memvalidasi strategi UE dalam mengatasi potensi ancaman atas bangkitnya populisme dan krisis pengungsi terhadap kondisi demokrasi dan keamanan di Eropa. Menjawab permasalahan itu, penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Populisme, Teori Persepsi Ancaman, dan Teori Strategi sebagai indikator dalam menganalisis berbagai kajian literatur, kebijakan Uni Eropa, serta pernyataan politik pemimpin Eropa terkait masalah pengungsi dan kebangkitan populisme dalam kurun waktu 2014-2019. Setelah menganalisis potensi ancaman populisme dan merumuskan strategi UE berdasarkan Five P’s Mintzberg, yang terdiri dari indikator Plans, Patterns, Positions, Perspectives, dan Ploys, maka temuan penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa strategi utama UE adalah melakukan perimbangan kekuatan dan pemberian ruang politik kaum populis secara terukur. Melalui strategi ini, kelompok populis seolah terakomodir agenda politiknya dan menjadi bagian dari kekuasaan, namun sejatinya tidak. Melalui strategi ini, UE dianggap berhasil mengelola tekanan kaum populis dan mengatasi masalah pengungsi tanpa mengabaikan nilai-nilai demokrasi dan HAM. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa populisme akan selalu hadir menjadi potensi ancaman dan tantangan bagi UE dengan mengangkat berbagai isu strategis dalam skala yang berbeda, sehingga strategi UE untuk beradaptasi terhadap perkembangan situasi global akan sangat diperlukan. Lebih jauh, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi rujukan bagi penelitian selanjutnya untuk mengkaji perkembangan gerakan populisme pada ranah nasional, regional, dan global.

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The rise of populism and the refugee crisis has exposed the European Union (EU) to potential threats and challenges in defending the basic principles of democracy and human rights. On the other hand, the EU have to ensure the security and absorb the aspirations of its citizens, especially in the midst of the populist nativism pressure to reject refugees who are considered detrimental to European society. These conditions lead this research to validate the EU's strategy in overcoming the potential threats of the rise of populism and the refugee crisis to the conditions of democracy and security in Europe. Answering this problem, this study uses Populism Theory, Threat Perception Theory, and Strategy Theory as indicators in analyzing various literature studies, European Union policies, and political statements by European leaders related to refugee issues and the rise of populism in the period 2014-2019. After analyzing the potential threat of populism and formulating an EU strategy based on Five P's Mintzberg's Strategy, which consists of the Plans, Patterns, Positions, Perspectives, and Ploys indicators, the findings of this study explain that the EU's main strategy is to balance power and provide populist political space in a measurable way. Through this strategy, populist groups seem to be accommodated by their political agenda and become part of power, but in reality they are not. Through this strategy, the EU is considered successful in managing populist pressure and overcoming the refugee problem without ignoring democratic values ​​and human rights. This study concludes that populism will always be a potential threat and challenge for the EU by raising various strategic issues at different scales, so that the EU's strategy to adapt to the development of the global situation will be very necessary. Furthermore, this research is expected to be a reference for further research to examine the development of the populism movement in the national, regional, and global spheres."