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"Skripsi ini membahas pokok permasalahan sebagai berikut: (1) Bagaimanakah pengakuan hak atas lingkungan hidup sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia dalam hukum internasional?; (2) Bagaimanakah tanggung jawab yang dibebankan terhadap perusahaan transnasional terkait permasalahan lingkungan hidup dalam hukum internasional?; dan (3) Bagaimana pertanggungjawaban perusahaan transnasional terhadap pelanggaran hak atas lingkungan hidup telah diterapkan terutama dalam perkara-perkara gugatan masyarakat terhadap perusahaan transnasional? Secara garis besar, analisis didasarkan pada studi literatur mengenai perkembangan doktrin dan pengaturan hak atas lingkungan hidup, dengan meninjau perjanjian internasional baik yang bersifat global maupun regional, instrumen soft law, dan hukum kebiasaan internasional; serta tinjauan pertanggungjawaban yang dibebankan oleh instrumen-instrumen hukum internasional terhadap perusahaan transnasional dalam hal pemenuhan hak atas lingkungan hidup. Selanjutnya dianalisis mengenai keberlakuan hak atas lingkungan hidup sebagai hukum internasional terhadap perusahaan transnasional, serta pertanggungjawaban yang dapat dibebankan terhadapnya. Dalam analisis, dibahas mengenai tiga kasus pelanggaran hak atas lingkungan hidup oleh perusahaan transnasional, yaitu Aguinda v. Texaco, Lubbe v. Cape PLC, dan Beanal v. Freeport McMoran. Dalam analisis, dapat terlihat bahwa dalam perkara-perkara tersebut: (1) Hukum internasional tidak diterapkan secara langsung; (2) Terhentinya perkara dalam proses yurisdiksi; (3) Adanya irisan ranah hukum publik dan privat dalam substansi dan formil perkara; (4) Pelanggaran hak atas lingkungan hidup diterjemahkan dalam pelanggaran hak-hak asasi secara umum; dan (5) Adanya irisan antara akuntabilitas dan liabilitas perusahaan transnasional. Selain itu, terdapat kecenderungan bahwa pengaturan tanggung jawab lingkungan hidup terhadap perusahaan transnasional ini akan menjadi hukum internasional di masa depan. Secara ringkas, simpulan yang didapat menjawab secara positif adanya pengakuan hak atas lingkungan hidup sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia dalam hukum internasional, namun pengaturan pertanggungjawabannya terhadap perusahaan transnasional masih mendasarkan pada instrumen yang bersifat sukarela tanpa menyinggung liabilitas, sehingga masyarakat yang dirugikan masih kesulitan untuk mendapatkan ganti kerugian atas hak-hak asasinya yang dilanggar karena perusakan lingkungan oleh perusahaan transnasional.

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This undergraduate thesis tries to answer following questions: (1) How does right to environment recognized as a part of human rights in international law?; (2) How does liability imposed upon transnational corporation related to environmental harms in international law; (3) How does transnational corporations' liability has been enforced in claims by injured civilians towards transnational corporations?

Generally, the analysis is based on literature study concerning development of doctrine and regulation on right to environment, considering global and regional treaties and soft law instruments, also customary international law; and examination of liability imposed by international legal instruments on transnational corporations in regards of fulfillment of right to environment.

Further, Writer analyses enforceability of right to environment as international law towards transnational corporations, and liability imposed upon them. In analysis, three cases on environmental violations by transnational corporations have been examined, which are Aguinda v. Texaco, Lubbe v. Cape PLC, and Beanal v. Freeport McMoran. It is concluded that in such cases: (1) International law is not imposed directly; (2) Dismissal on jurisdictional process; (3) The intersection of public and private legal area in the substance and process of the cases; (4) Violation of right to environment is translated into violations of general human rights; (5) The intersection of transnational corporations' accountability and liability. Further, there is a tendency that regulation of environmental liability to transnational corporations will be international law in the future.

In brief, the conclusion answers in positive the recognition of right to environment as a part of human rights in international law, yet still bases transnational corporation accountability on the voluntary instruments silent on liability provisions, causing the injured community troubled in demanding compensation for their violated right to environment related to environmental harms by transnational corporations."

"The Research Handbook on International Law and Natural Resources provides a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the role of international law in regulating the exploration and exploitation of natural resources. The book covers overarching and sectoral, as well as traditional and emerging, legal issues in natural resource development. The book illuminates interactions and tensions between international environmental law, human rights and economic law, as well as the law of the sea, tracing their evolution and identifying critical areas for further investigation. It also discusses the relevance of soft law and international dispute settlement, as well as of various unilateral, bilateral, regional and transnational initiatives in the governance of natural resources. Analysis of historical and current policy debates, including the incipient negotiations of a new international legally binding instrument on marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction and the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement on climate change, are included. While the Handbook is accessible to those approaching the subject for the first time, it identifies pressing areas for further investigation that will be of interest to advanced researchers and practitioners of international environmental, economic and human rights law. "

"Summary:Elgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences and law, expertly written by the world's leading scholars."

"By offering a well-balanced analysis of a wide range of issues, and by suggesting further reading on each, this volume makes an excellent effort to provide a complete picture of human rights as a system. The volume will leave every reader with a more advanced understanding of human rights, and I give it my most sincere recommendation."

"Contents : Introduction / Stephen Tully -- Process and procedure / Stephen Tully -- The international protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms / Adam McBeth and Justine Nolan -- International labour standards / Stephen Tully -- International environmental law and sustainable development / Stephen Tully -- International criminal law / Stephen Tully."

"This book canvasses a range of law and policy issues concerning human rights and the environment. Each chapter examines an aspect of the links between environmental law and human rights in substantive and/​or procedural terms, loosely falling into four themes: human rights and the environment in the context of the private sector; analysis of decisions of the European and Inter-American courts in respect of substantive and procedural aspects; human rights and the environment in the Asian region, including the issue of human displacement; and the future direction of human rights and environment law."